Name_________________ Section________________ Spring 2007Biology 212 General Genetics Lab 6: The Genetic Control of Fruit Fly Eye Color Purpose: To use paper chromatography to separate the pigments that determine eye color infruit flies. You will then use this data to determine the biochemistry and genetic control of enzymes that catalyze various steps in this pathway.Source of Lab: http://www.cofc.edu/~petersj/SMFT639_Drosophila_Eye_Pigment_Lab.html Materials: · Chromatography paper – cut into 4x4 inch pieces. · 600 ml beakers · Drosophila melanogaster cultures (1 culture each of wild type, white eye, and sepia eye flies; other cultures for testing) · Fly Nap – for anesthetizing flies. · glass stir rods – use the head for rubbing fruit fly eyes into the chromatography paper. · Forceps or brushes for separating flies. · Dissecting microscope · UV light source · 30 ml Chromatography solvent (1 part isopropanol to 1 part ammonium hydroxide). Pour about 1 cm deep in the bottom of beakers in hood. Background: In this lab, you will study the biochemical pathway that produces the pigments that give fruit flies their characteristic eye color. The strains of fruit flies we will work with are - Wild type - red eyes- Sepia mutant - brown eyes- White mutant - white eyesThe biochemical pathway that produces the various eye pigments in wild type flies is shown on the next page. Names of chemical intermediates are given; numbers refer to enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one intermediate to another. Eye color mutants are defective in one enzyme in the pathway that you will try to deduce from your results.1precursor (colorless)Your task is to determine which pigments are present (or missing) in the mutants and in wild type flies. You can also test for the presence of pigments in any other fly stock (miniature, apricot, ruby, ebony, Adh, yellow). We will use paper chromatography to separate the eye pigments.Chromatography procedure: 1. Work in pairs. 2. Get 3 anesthetized flies from each the phenotypes (wild, white and sepia). Anesthetize another type of flies you wish to test. 3. Get a piece of chromatography paper. Be sure to handle it on the edges only, since oilsfrom your hand can affect the movement of pigments on the paper. Using a pencil, draw a line 2 cm from the longer edge, then make 4 marks along the line at about 2cm intervals. Orient and label the paper as shown below. -----+-------+-------+-------+----- Wild Sepia White Test strain2127564 34. Use a pencil to place your initials and your partner's initials in the upper right hand corner. 5. Using forceps to hold a wild type fly on the line at the leftmost tick, crush the head of the fly onto the paper with a glass rod. 6. Allow the crushed heads to dry briefly (blow gently on them to speed the process). 7. Repeat Step 5 with a second wild type fly, crushing the head on the same spot as you did the first. 8. Wash the glass rod and dry it with a Kimwipe or paper towel. Repeat Steps 5- 8 with the two mutant flies and a strain you want to test on the appropriate places on the paper. Be careful to crush the heads precisely on (not above) theline at the appropriate ticks. 9. After the heads have dried for about 5 minutes, fold the paper in half between sepia and white spots.10. Place the chromatography paper in one of the beakers of solvent in the hood. Insert the chromatography paper with the line of crushed heads at the bottom of the jar. Cover the container loosely with foil (Light causes the pigments to break down). 11. Leave the paper in the beaker for 60 to 90 min. While you are waiting, you can start to answer questions 8, 9 and 10 below. 12. Observe the pigments under UV light either immediately or the next day. Analyzing Results: Worksheet to hand in by next week's lab (20 pts): 1. Look at the results for the wild type flies. All four of the pigments should be distributed on the chromatogram roughly as is shown in the figure below. Using a pencil, circle each pigment spot, and label it (Adjacent spots may blend together). 2. Using the results from the wild-type flies, compare the separated pigments for the 2 eye mutants (sepia and white) and the other mutant stock. Circle and label the pigments for each on you chromatogram. 3. Draw a replica of your chromatograph using colored pencils in the space belowviolet-bluegreen-blueyellow-greenorange Wild type Sepia White Mutant Strain_____________________34. Summarize your results in the table below. Pigment Wild type Sepia WhiteMutant Strain:violet-bluegreen-blueyellow-greenorangeIndicate the amount of pigment using the following codes: - = no pigment + = small amount ++ = moderate amount +++ = large amount5. Based on the results above, which of the enzymes in the pathway (indicate by number) is probably not working properly in the sepia flies. Explain. 6. Based on the results above, which of the enzymes in the pathway is probably not working properly for the white eye flies. (Hint: remember that mutations are very rare, soone mutation is much more likely than many mutations!) Explain.7. Which mutant strain did you test? Based on the results of your test mutant strain, are any of the enzymes of the pigment pathway defective? Explain your answer. 48. The sepia and white eye phenotypes are due to recessive alleles of genes. Do these two genes interact? The following problems will help you answer this question. Let's say that the gene that controls the production of enzyme 4 is symbolized with a se+ = dominant, se= recessive. The recessive allele codes for a non-functional enzyme product. a. Can an individual that is se+se+ or se+se produce the orange pigment (drosopterin)? If so, what will be this fly’s phenotype? (Assume that Enzyme 1 is functional). b. What will be the phenotype of a fly that is se se? (Again, assume Enzyme 1 is functional). c. The gene that causes white eyed flies is X-linked recessive. Wild type is symbolized with a Xw+ = dominant, Xw = recessive. The recessive allele codes for a non-functional enzyme product. Can female flies that are Xw+Xw+ or Xw+Xw produce any pigments? If so, what will be their phenotypes?d. What is the phenotype of a fly that is XwXw? 9. a. Now let's put the two genes together. Determine the phenotypes of the following flies:genotype phenotypese+se+Xw+Xw+se+seXw+XwseseXw+Xwse+seXwXwb. Now try to determine some possible