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Biology 305 Laboratory Final ExamSpring 2011 KEYFill In The Blank/Multiple Choice (2 pts. each). Circle your answer CLEARLY to get credit for the correct answer.1. The amount of blood in the ventricle(s) of the heart immediately before the onset of ventricular contraction is called end diastolic volume (write out the FULL name (not just an abbreviation) to receive full credit). 2. A(n) agonist is a molecule that combines with a receptor to either promote neurotransmitter binding or mimics the action of the neurotransmitter.3. The nephron is the functional unit of the human kidney.4. Aldosterone is the name of the hormone responsible for regulating Na+ and K+ balance in the kidney.5. The scientific name of the leopard frog is:Rana pipiensSHORT ANSWER (10 pts ea). 6. Use Rubner’s Surface Rule to explain why a squirrel weighing 75 grams has a higher mass specific metabolic rate than a squirrel of 90 grams. BE SPECIFIC! State the units for mass specific metabolic rate.- 2 pts. UNITS for mass specific metabolic rate = O2 consumed/unit time/gram - Rubner’s Surface Rule explains that small animals have a higher mass specific metabolic rate for the following reasons: o 3 pt. Small animals have more surface area per unit volume(a greater surface area to volume ratio) than do their larger counterparts o 2 pts. Greater surface area means more heat is lost across the body surface (per unit gram of body weight) o 3 pts. Therefore, smaller animals must expend more energy to maintain their body temperature than larger animals.7. Name the two branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). As part of your answer, describe: 1) the neurotransmitters (NTs) released at the neuroeffector junction of these two branches 2) the name of the receptors to which these NTs bind and 3) the effect of each branch on the heart rate (HR only; don’t mention force!).o Two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System: - 1 Pt. The Sympathetic Branch: - 1 pt. Discharges norepinephrine (NE) onto heart- 2 pts Innervates Beta1 (1pt) adrenergic (1pt) receptors- 1 pt. Causes an increase in heart rate- 1 Pt. The Parasympathetic Branch:- 1 pt. Discharges acetylcholine (Ach) onto heart- 2 pts. Innervates muscarinic (1pt) cholinergic (1pt) receptors- 1 pt. Causes a decrease in heart rate8. Draw or write out the homeostatic feedback mechanism for ADH release in the humanbody. As part of your answer, explain how extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity triggers the release of ADH in the body; mention the relevant parts of the nervous system responsible for sensing osmolarity and triggering release of ADH; describe where ADH acts in the body (BE SPECIFIC) and how it controls urine output (i.e. how ADH influences urine volume and urine concentration). Finally, how and when does the ADH pathway shut itself off? - 1 pt. Increased extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity (ABOVE 280 mOsmoles) acts as a stimulus - 1 pt. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus sense the stimulus (fire AP)- 1 pt. Posterior Pituitary Gland releases ADH into bloodstream - 1 pt. ADH travels to collecting ducts (CD) of kidney(s)- 1 pt. ADH inserts aquaporins (specialized water pores) in CD membrane- 1 pt. This allows water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate (pre-urine) into the blood- 1 pt. This results in urine of low volume (lower than it would have been without ADH present ).- 1 pt. This also results in a more concentrated urine (urine is more concentrated than it would have been without ADH because solutes are more concentrated when less water is excreted)- 1 pt. Water reabsorbed from filtrate dilutes solutes in ECF- 1 pt. When ECF osmolarity falls below 280 mechanism shuts off (i.e.osmoreceptors cease firing and ADH is no longer released)9. Describe (in words) the meaning of Starling’s Law of the Heart. Next, draw a graph illustrating this law. Be sure to label your axes! o Starling’s Law States: (Give 4 points for any of the following): As EDV (volume of blood in ventricle right before systole) increases, Stroke Volume (or force of contraction) increases.  Another way of saying this is the heart pumps all the blood returned to it Still another way: The level of stretch of the myocardial cells influences the force of contraction. The greater the stretch the greater the force produced. Stroke Volume (Or force of contraction )(2 pts.) EDV (or Level of Stretch) (2 pts.)NOTE: Starling’s Law does not state anything about heart rate but rather it relates stretch (EDV) and force (i.e. stretch influences force; not visa versa)!(2 pts.)The Graph is worth 6 pts TOTAL:- 2 pts for curve:o Curve must be approximately the correct shape- 2 pts for EACH axis (4 pts. total)o No points if axes are reversed!Long Answer Questions (25 pts each) –Answer any TWO of the following THREE essay questions. If you answer all three questions, only the first two will be graded!!! Please write CLEARLY and present your thoughts in a LOGICAL, ORGANIZED manner. 10. You have been given a number of treatments (unknown pharmacological agents) to add to the heart of the leopard frog. In certain instances, you have been given information regarding the effect of the unknown on heart rate. Using the information you learned in BIOL305L and the information given to you (in the TABLE below), fill in the EMPTY boxes within the table (i.e. possible mechanisms of action (agonist/antagonist), receptor to which an agent acts and effect on heart rate if not given). Treatment (application of drug to heart)Name of receptor (where drug acts)Heart RateMuscarinic antagonist (5 pts) Muscarinic (5 pts)increaseBeta1 agonist (5 pts)(half credit for NE or Epi only)B1increaseBeta1 antagonist B1Decrease OR nochange (5 pts)AcetylcholineMuscarinic (5 pts)decrease11. The table below illustrates data taken from the urinalysis lab. Average urine volumes and specific gravities are shown at 60 minutes after ingestion of treatment for five treatment groups including: regular Coke, diet decaffeinated Coke, distilled water, chips and control(not in the order specified here!). Note that at the beginning of the lab (BEFORE ingestion of a treatment), each group had an average urine volume of 130 mL and a specific gravity 1.018. Fill in the treatments from the previous list (under the Treatment Column) that best fit with the urine volume and specific gravity data to the left. Urine Volume


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UMBC BIOL 305 - Biology 305 Laboratory Final Exam

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