Horticulture and AgricultureHORTICULTURE Tools and ProcessesThe HoeThe SpadeThe PloughSlide 6Slide 7Supporting EvidenceIrrigationHarriet W.R. StrongFire as a land-clearing toolFertilizerCultivationAgricultureTakeover TheoryDevelopments that Affected the Transition to AgricultureThe Birth ExplosionChange From Female-Centered To Male-Centered ReligionThe Professionalization of the Cultivative RoleWomen's role in the 19th & 20th Century in AgriculturePlant Culture/ Planting & CultivatingFertilizationNew FoodsNew PlantsInventors of New BreedsPlant DiseasesAnimal HusbandryThe purpose of Animal Husbandry is to breed a better type of animal.Care of Livestock: Methods, Apparatus, ResearchDairy and Poultry InventionsHorticulture and Horticulture and AgricultureAgricultureChad BergertChad BergertSunny LeonSunny LeonCelia PintoCelia PintoJuan RojasJuan RojasMargarita ZalameaMargarita ZalameaTeam: MCCJSHORTICULTUREHORTICULTURETools and ProcessesTools and ProcessesClassically defined as the culture or growing of garden Classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants. plants. Over 10,000 years ago the age of horticulture begins Over 10,000 years ago the age of horticulture begins which signals the end of the stone age.which signals the end of the stone age.There are three main inventions that start the There are three main inventions that start the development of horticulture.development of horticulture.The hoe – flat stone or metal used to loosen dirtThe hoe – flat stone or metal used to loosen dirtThe spade – a digging stick becomes a spadeThe spade – a digging stick becomes a spadeThe plough – add two handles added to a spadeThe plough – add two handles added to a spadeAssumed that women invented them because they were Assumed that women invented them because they were the primary cultivators.the primary cultivators.Chad BergertThe HoeThe HoeUsed to loosen soil and remove Used to loosen soil and remove unwanted plants and objects during unwanted plants and objects during field cultivation.field cultivation.Found in virtually all horticulture Found in virtually all horticulture societies.societies.Hoes are so widely used by women, Hoes are so widely used by women, assume women invented them.assume women invented them.In one Neolithic culture, women In one Neolithic culture, women are buried with hoes and men are are buried with hoes and men are not.not.Chad BergertThe SpadeThe SpadeSpade is another tool for cultivation.Spade is another tool for cultivation.Women cultivated their garden plots Women cultivated their garden plots carefully by spade, while men cleared carefully by spade, while men cleared new land with fire.new land with fire.Originally made of wood.Originally made of wood.Incas believed women must do the Incas believed women must do the planting or the crops would not grow.planting or the crops would not grow.Chad BergertThe PloughThe PloughThe plough is a tool used prepare The plough is a tool used prepare the soil for seeding or planting.the soil for seeding or planting.By adding a two handles to a By adding a two handles to a spade you get a plough.spade you get a plough.Chad BergertThe PloughThe PloughThe plough is one of the two marks The plough is one of the two marks conventionally distinguishing agriculture conventionally distinguishing agriculture from horticulture. from horticulture. Women are not credited with the Women are not credited with the invention of the plough because:invention of the plough because:The modern plough is heavy and women The modern plough is heavy and women have no association with them today.have no association with them today.The idea was that women would not The idea was that women would not have been strong enough to use them.have been strong enough to use them.Chad BergertThe PloughThe PloughHowever, this is likely to be an However, this is likely to be an unfair assumption because:unfair assumption because:Early ploughs were much Early ploughs were much different from today's which are different from today's which are drawn by animals. drawn by animals. Most likely two women would Most likely two women would pull the plough in order to pull the plough in order to cultivate the soil.cultivate the soil.Women were the primary Women were the primary workers of the population. workers of the population. Women inventing a plough Women inventing a plough seems more likely for this seems more likely for this reason. reason. Chad BergertSupporting EvidenceSupporting EvidenceThe idea that women’s did not invent The idea that women’s did not invent the hoe, spade, and plough would the hoe, spade, and plough would suggest that they were not the suggest that they were not the primary users of the tools.primary users of the tools.In contrary to today’s image of the In contrary to today’s image of the working women. The daily tasks of working women. The daily tasks of the horticulture woman would include:the horticulture woman would include:Collecting and hauling firewood.Collecting and hauling firewood.Harvesting and hauling grainHarvesting and hauling grainCollecting and moving clay for Collecting and moving clay for potterypotteryBuilding houses or sheltersBuilding houses or sheltersPlanting and harvesting cropsPlanting and harvesting cropsThis evidence also supports theories This evidence also supports theories that women may have actually been that women may have actually been stronger than men.stronger than men.Chad BergertIrrigationIrrigationDefinition: To supply (dry land) with water Definition: To supply (dry land) with water by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; by means of ditches, pipes, or streams; water artificially; to make land fertilewater artificially; to make land fertileArose from horticultureArose from horticultureWomen were most likely the first Women were most likely the first irrigatorsirrigators2 types of irrigation:2 types of irrigation:Bringing plants to waterBringing plants to waterBringing water to plantsBringing water to plantsMargarita ZalameaHarriet W.R. Strong Invented a system Invented a system of dams and of dams and reservoirs for reservoirs for water storage and water storage and flood control.flood control.Introduced winter Introduced winter irrigation at her irrigation at her orchard in orchard in Southern Southern California. California. Responsible