1First –> Cover Prosocial BehaviorPart I: ParentingPart II: Marriage, Divorce, RemarriagePart III: Late Life Relationships and CaregivingWeek of April 2ndProsocial BehaviorPart I: 4 Parenting Styles| Four different styles differ on 3 dimensions:z Acceptance and involvement z Control z Autonomy21. Authoritarian| Little acceptance and involvement| Very Much control| Little autonomy granting| What might children of authoritarian parents look like in behavior and academics?2. Permissive| Much acceptance but little involvement| Very Little control| Much autonomy (maybe too much too early)| What might children of authoritarian parents look like in behavior and academics?3. Uninvolved Parenting| Little acceptance and little involvement| Little control| Much autonomy…but does not ‘grant’, just does not care| What might children of authoritarian parents look like in behavior and academics?34. Authoritative| Much acceptance and involvement| Reasonable control| Reasonable autonomy granting| Considered the ‘best’ parenting style| What might children of authoritarian parents look like in behavior and academics?Part II: Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage| Recalling Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory| Microsystem level — reciprocal socializationz Bidirectional: children socialize parents just as parents socialize children| Family as a social system| Sociocultural and historical changesz Effects on family processesDirect and Indirect Interactions Between Parents and ChildrenFig. 14.2Marital relationshipParentingChild behavior and development4Single Adults| Being singlez Dramatic increase in percentage in 2000z Myths and stereotypesz Advantages and disadvantagesz Common problems• Forming intimate relationships with other adults• Loneliness• Finding niche in marriage oriented societyPercentage of Single Adults 30 to 34 Years of AgeFig. 14.3Percent302000Year197025201510030Cohabiting Adults| Dramatic rise in cohabiting before marriagez Higher in countries other than the U.S.z Cohabiting tends to be short-lived in U.S.z Comparing cohabitation to marriagez Advantages and disadvantages of cohabiting5Increase in Cohabitation in the U.S.Fig. 14.4Married Adults| Marital trendsz Changing male-female equality in marriage has created more fragile, intense marital relationshipsz More adults remain single longerz Average U.S. marriage lasts just over 9 yearsz U.S. still a marrying society; divorce rates slowingz Religion influences marriage in some culturesz International comparisons in marriageIncrease in Age at 1stMarriage in U.S.Fig. 14.5200219901980197021196019242322Year252720195026Age (years)6Timing of Divorce and Age of Divorced Adults| If divorce occurs, it usually happens early in marriagez Stress of separation and divorce pose risks for psychological and physical difficulties• Psychiatric disorders and hospital admission• Clinical depression and alcoholism• Psychosomatic disorders z Concerns of custodial and non-custodial parentsDivorce Rate in Relation to Number of Years Married25 35201510Years married3050681024Percent of divorceesFig. 14.6Effects of Divorce on Children| Children z More likely to show poorer adjustmentz Who are socially mature and responsible show few behavioral problemsz With difficult temperament often have problems coping with divorce | Adjustment improves if z conflicts reduced by divorcez parents harmonious and authoritative7Communicating with Children About Divorce| Explain separation| Separation not child’s fault| May take time to feel better| Keep door open for further discussion| Provide as much continuity as possible| Provide support for children and yourselfDivorce and Children’s Emotional ProblemsFig. 14.11Single-Parent Families in Different CountriesFig. 14.108Remarried Adults| Complex histories and multiple relationships make adjustment difficultz Only one-third stepfamily couples stay remarriedTypes of Stepfamilies| Divorce and widowhood creates stepfamiliesz Stepfatherz Stepmotherz Blended or complex| In stepfamilies, childrenz Show more adjustment problemsz In simple families adjust betterz Show fewer depressive symptoms over timeGay and Lesbian Adults| Similar in satisfactions and need to find balance as heterosexual couplesz Satisfactions: loves, joys, conflictsz Needs: romantic love, affection, autonomy, equalityz More flexible in gender roles than heterosexualsz Prefer long term, committed relationshipsz Lesbians usually do not have open relationshipsz Increasingly creating families with children9Amount of Same Sex Couples with ChildrenFig. 14.7Part III: Late Life Relations1. Marital Relationships (late life, divorce, remarriage, caregiving)2. Parent-Child Relationships (caregiving)3. Sibling Relationships4. Grandparenting Relationships5. Friends6. Families of Older Gay Men and WomenMarital Relationships in Late Life| 52% of women 65-74 married, 25% 75-84 | 77% of men 65-74 married, 71% 75-84| Why?| Most important relationship for older adults| Racial/Ethnic Differencesz Older African American women less likely to be married than white or Hispanic older women• Higher divorce rates and higher mortality rates among African American older men compared to other racial/ethnic groups.10Marital Relationships in Late Life| Marital Satisfaction in Late Lifez Over the lifespan, marital satisfaction follows a U-shaped function (high in beginning, decline, and high again in late life). WHY?z Couples who are married after age 65 report in comparison to younger couples Æ• Fewer arguments• Fewer marital problems• More positive interactions Marital Relationships in Late Life| Marital Satisfaction in Late Life| Older couples also report:z Agree on basic values and goalsz Division of household labor (usually traditional)z Perceive themselves a compatiblez Have a GREAT deal of intimacy• 80% confided in spouse most of the time• Kissed spouse daily• Laughed together frequently• >90% said spouse was their best friend• Great ability to resolve conflictsMarital Relationships in Late Life| Marital Satisfaction in Late Life| After Retirement –z For the most part, relationships do not change that muchz However, women who continued to work after husband’s retirement were more likely to be dissatisfied with their marital relationships (esp. if husband unwilling to do more household tasks)11Marital Relationships in Late Life| Less than 3% of all marriages last 50 yearsz Why? z Cohort effects in the future?| Effects of late life marriage