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•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •1Aleksandar MilenkovićCPE/EE 427, CPE 527 VLSI Design IIntroduction, Design MetricsDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama in Huntsville9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 2What is this course all about?• Introduction to digital integrated circuits.– CMOS devices and manufacturing technology. CMOS inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Design methodologies.• What will you learn?– Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, and reliability•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •29/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 3Digital Integrated Circuits• Introduction: Issues in digital design• The CMOS inverter• Combinational logic structures• Sequential logic gates• Design methodologies• Interconnect: R, L and C•Timing• Arithmetic building blocks• Memories and array structures9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 4Why does it matter?•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •39/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 5A Brief History• 1947: First Transistor at Bell Lab [John Bardeen and Walter Brattain] • 1958: First Integrated circuit at Texas Instruments[Jack Kilby]• 1965: Moore’s Law, Intel[Gordon Moore]• 1994: Integrated circuits became $100B/year business• 2003: Industry manufactured 1018(one quintillion) transistors (200M per human being)9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 6The First ComputerThe BabbageDifference Engine(1832)25,000 partscost: £17,470•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •49/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 7ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)• Vacuum tube based digital computer• “The Giant Brain” as labeled by the press • ENIAC facts– Occupied 1,800 sq. feet– Weighted 30 tons– 18000 vacuum tubes• Application: calculate firing tables for World War II artillery guns9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 8The Transistor RevolutionFirst transistorBell Labs, 1948•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •59/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 9The First Integrated Circuits Bipolar logic1960’sECL 3-input GateMotorola 19669/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 10IC Evolution• SSI – Small Scale Integration (early 1970s)– contained 1 – 10 logic gates• MSI – Medium Scale Integration – logic functions, counters• LSI – Large Scale Integration– first microprocessors on the chip• VLSI – Very Large Scale Integration– now offers 64-bit microprocessors, complete with cache memory (L1 and often L2), floating-point arithmetic unit(s), etc.•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •69/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 11IC Evolution• Bipolar technology– TTL (transistor-transistor logic), 1962; higher integration density– ECL (emitter-coupled logic), 1974; high-performance• MOS (Metal-oxide-silicon)– although invented before bipolar transistor (1925, 1935), was initially difficult to manufacture– nMOS (n-channel MOS) technology developed in late 1970s required fewer masking steps, was denser, and consumed less power than equivalent bipolar ICs => an MOS IC was cheaper than a bipolar IC and led to investment and growth of the MOS IC market. – aluminum gates for replaced by polysilicon by early 1980– CMOS (Complementary MOS): n-channel and p-channel MOS transistors => lower power consumption, simplified fabrication process9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 12Intel 4004• Introduction date: November 15, 1971• Clock speed: 108 KHz • Number of transistors: 2,300 (10 microns)• Bus width: 4 bits• Addressable memory: 640 bytes• Typical use: calculator, first microcomputer chip, arithmetic manipulation•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •79/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 13Pentium 4• 0.18-micron process technology (2, 1.9, 1.8, 1.7, 1.6, 1.5, and 1.4 GHz)– Introduction date: August 27, 2001 (2, 1.9 GHz); ...; November 20, 2000 (1.5, 1.4 GHz)– Level Two cache: 256 KB Advanced Transfer Cache (Integrated)– System Bus Speed: 400 MHz– SSE2 SIMD Extensions– Transistors: 42 Million – Typical Use: Desktops and entry-level workstations• 0.13-micron process technology (2.53, 2.2, 2 GHz)– Introduction date: January 7, 2002– Level Two cache: 512 KB Advanced– Transistors: 55 Million9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 14Intel’s McKinley• Introduction date: Mid 2002• Caches: 32KB L1, 256 KB L2, 3MB L3 (on-chip)• Clock: 1GHz• Transistors: 221 Million • Area: 464mm2• Typical Use: High-end servers• Future versions:5GHz, 0.13-micron technology•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •89/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 15Moore’s Law• In 1965, Gordon Moore noted that the number of transistors on a chip doubled every 18 to 24 months. • He made a prediction that semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 16Moore’s Law16151413121110987654321019591960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975LOG2 OF THE NUMBER OFCOMPONENTS PER INTEGRATED FUNCTIONElectronics, April 19, 1965.•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •99/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 17Evolution in Complexity9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 18Transistor Counts1,000,000100,00010,0001,0001010011975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010808680286i386i486Pentium®Pentium®ProK1 Billion 1 Billion TransistorsTransistorsSource: IntelSource: IntelProjectedProjectedPentium® IIPentium® IIICourtesy, Intel•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •109/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 19Moore’s law in Microprocessors40048008808080858086286386486Pentium® procP60.0010.010.111010010001970 1980 1990 2000 2010YearTransistors (MT)2X growth in 1.96 years!Transistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 yearsTransistors on Lead Microprocessors double every 2 yearsCourtesy, Intel9/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 20Die Size Growth40048008808080858086286386486Pentium ® procP61101001970 1980 1990 2000 2010YearDie size (mm)~7% growth per year~2X growth in 10 yearsDie size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s LawDie size grows by 14% to satisfy Moore’s LawCourtesy, Intel•VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic •119/11/2006 VLSI Design I; A. Milenkovic 21FrequencyP6Pentium ® proc486386286808680858080800840040.11101001000100001970 1980 1990 2000 2010YearFrequency


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