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UT INF 385E - LECTURE NOTES

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Information Archiving with Bookmarks: Personal Web Space Construction and Organization David Abrams Ron Baecker Mark Chignell Perceptual Robotics, Inc. Kuowledge Media Design Institute Interactive Media Laboratory 1840 Oak Ave University of Toronto University of Toronto Evanston, IL 60201 Toronto, ON M5S lA4 Toronto, ON M5S lA4 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT Boolma& are used as “personal Web information spaces” to help people remember and retrieve interesting Web pages. A study of personal Web tiormation spaces sm-veyed 322 Web users and analyzed the bookmark archives of 50 Web users. The results of this study are used to address why people make bookmarks, and how they create, use, and organize them. Recommendations for improving the organimtion, vimahxation, representation, and integration of bookmarks are provided The recommendations include simple mechauisms for tiling bookmarks at creation time, the use of time-based . . xxsmhidons with automated filters, the use of contextual inSormation in representing bookmarks, and the combhration of hierarchy formation and Web page authoring to aid in organizing and viewing bookmarks. Keywords WWW, bookmark information space, survey, empirical study, design 1. INTRODUCTION The millions of documents on the rapidly expanding World Wrde Web (View) further exacerbates the information overload problem documented by [S], [17] and others. The Web as we know it today has no classification system for Web sites, no formal indexing policy or controlled vocabulary, and no systematic system for naming Web pages or assigning authorship in a particular catalogue (except for domain names). Consequently, searching for specific information on the Web is a challenging and often fi-ustratingtask. One strategy for dealing with information overload is to develop personal in8ormation systems consisting of focused subsets of information highly relevant to a particular user. Bookma& are a simple tool for building these personalized subsets of information where interesting or usefid Web pages (URLs) cau be stored for later use. Users keep track of the resulting pointers to Web pages by creating a bookmark archive - a personal Web infomution space. Permition to make digital/hard copies ofall or pat oftbis material for p~~onal or classroom use is granted Gtbout fee provided that the copies nre not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage, the ccpy- riShtnotice,thetitieofthepublicationJnditsdateappear,yldnoticeis gken that copyright is by pennissi on of the AChI, Inc. To copy oUwwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires speciiic permission andlorfee. CHI 98 Los Angeles CA USA Ccpyi&t 199s 0-s9791-975-0/98/4S.00 Bookmarks are very popular among users. In a 1996 survey of 6619 Web users [12], over 80% of respondents cited bookmarks as a strategy for locating information. Bookmarks were used slightly more than other navigation strategies: querying a search engine, referencing an index , page, entering a known URL, and traversing links to a specific page. Over 92% of users had a bookmark archive and over 37% had more than 50 bookmarks. Bookmarks serve as convenient shortcuts to frequently used Web pages as well historical pointers to useful information that may otherwise be forgotten. Bookmarl~ are f?le surrogates (abases) pointing to original files in “tertiary I storage,” the massive distriiuted tile system located in Web servers distributed around the world. Users create their own personal information space for the Web by making bookmarks, structuring the resulting collection, and managing its growth. Personal information spaces have been studied in a variety of contexts (e.g., [6j, [2], and [7]). Yet very little empirical research on Web users has been done and this research is the East m-depth empirical study of personal Web , information spaces. Our goal was to uncover basic aspects of bookmarking behavior as a prelude to modeling large scale information archiving, thereby providing a scientific basis for the design of future bookmark management systems. 2. METHODOLOGY Bookmark usage was studied using survey questionnaires, and through analyses of Web users’ bookmark archives. 2.1 Survey of Bookmark Usage The survey instrument was developed based on a pilot study of 12 university students with WWW experience done with informal interviews and pilot questionnaires. We used the results in the design of a formal survey questionnaire. More details on this questionnaire and its development (inchiding the questions asked) appe& in [l]. Approximately 450 of the questionnaires were distributed at The Internet Beyond the Year 2000 Conference (held in Toronto in early 1996). During the conference, registrants were asked, to fill out a copy of the questionnaire. Respondents were instructed to identify themselves by their conference registration number, and were told that their data would be confidential and reported in the form of aggregations with questionnaire data from other participants. 1 .PAPERS CHI 98 l 18-23 APRIL 1998 The respondents consisted of University of Toronto faculty, sta& and students, and individuals from industry, government, and other universities. Most participants had an expressed interest in the Internet and the WWW- 322 completed survey forms were collected from the 450 distributed. 200 (62%) of the completed surveys were correctly filled in on every question. 16.5% of the 322 survey respondents were male and 23.5% were female; these proportions were roughly consistent across all sizes of bookmark archives. Age distribution was approximately normal with a mean of about 35 years. We estimate that approximately SO% of respondents were Netscape 1.x or 2.0 users, and there were very few Internet Explorer users at the time of the survey (we did not explicitly ask for browser type and version in the survey). We stratified users by the number of bookmarks in our analysis. 6% of respondents had no bookmarks, 10% had l-10,24% had ll-25,44% had 26-100, 14% had 101-300, and 2% had 300+ bookmarks. We selected these groups based on our pilot study which suggested distinct characteristics for each user segment.


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