Human-Computer Interaction IS 588 Spring 2007 Week 4OverviewDisplay devicesMotor controlReaction timeMovement timeInput systemsWhy do these things matter?Activity: Thought experiments on input system alternativesFace-to-face communicationConversation and coordinationTheoretical frameworksAnalyzing conversationsComputer-mediated communicationMeeting and decision support systemsShared systemsGroupware dimensionality: Time-space matrixActivityHuman-Computer InteractionIS 588 Spring 2007Week 4Dr. Dania BilalDr. Lorraine NormoreOverview•Last week–Perception–Learning–Thinking and problem solving•This week–Motor control–Collaboration and communication–EmotionDisplay devices•Commercial systems–CRT/VDT: desktop systems–LCD: laptops, PDAs•Visibility issues–Contrast–Stable images–Resolution•Pixel density between 72 and 96 dpi depending on the size of the monitor (contrast hi quality print 300-600 dpi)Motor control•Issue for input systems –Compare with sensory systems and displays•Determining factors–Reaction time–Choice reaction time–Movement timeReaction time•Consider the pathway–Sensory input  CNS  Motor response•“Simple reaction time” (RT)•Choice reaction time–A function of simple RT and number of choices•Affected by physical state, attention, S-R compatibility, practice, familiarityMovement time•Two features–Duration–Accuracy•Movement as ballistic, with correction•Movement time, as measured by Fitts’ Law is a function of the distance to be moved and target sizeInput systems•Text entry–Key and inter-key size–Key shape and contour–Keyboard slant and contour•Positioning, pointing and drawing devices–Separate input and output devices• Mouse, stylus, trackball–Integrated input and output devices•Touchscreens•Virtual reality/3D systemsWhy do these things matter?•Display design–Placement and size of controls–Task difficulty•Interaction design and input devices–Health and safety–Universal accessibilityActivity: Thought experiments on input system alternatives•Remote control surgery•Cerebral palsy•Automobile•Simulated combat•Office environmentFace-to-face communication•Types–Personal space–Eye contact and gaze–Gesture and body language•Common issues–Awareness of the other–Social status effects–Cultural differences–And conversational interactions!Conversation and coordination•A sequence of turn-takings between listener and speaker•Verbal and non-verbal components•Back channels–Convey information from listener to speaker below conversational turn-taking–“Smooth” the turn-taking•Use of artifacts/shared external representationsTheoretical frameworks•Language/action framework–Winograd & Flores, 1986–Grounded in philosophy (“speech act theory”)–Analyze role & intent of communicative acts•Distributed cognition–Hutchins, “Cognition in the wild”–Focus on interactions among people, with artefacts in on-going behavior•Other frameworks–Activity theory, ethnomethodology, situated action, common ground theoryAnalyzing conversations•Uses–Way to analyze transcript–To guide decision decisions–To drive design: structure the system around the theory•Groupware–Computer-mediated communication–Meeting and decision support systems–Shared applications and artifactsComputer-mediated communication•Email and Bulletin Boards•Structured message systems•Informal, unstructured messagingMeeting and decision support systems•Video conferences•Argumentation tools•Meeting rooms•Virtual collaborative environmentsShared systems•PCs and window systems •Work surfaces•Editors •Diaries/calendarsGroupware dimensionality: Time-space matrixSame place(co-located)Different place(remote)Same time(synchronous)Different time(asynchronous)Activity•Discuss location and time as variables for –Computer-mediated communication–Meeting and decision support systems–Shared applications and