Body of Knowledge Module 5Air Traffic Control, Airspace and Navigational AidsThese modules were originally written by Stephen Quilty, A.A.E., and have been updatedby the AAAE BOE, AAAE staff, and industry experts.2004/2005@All Rights ReservedAmerican Association of Airport ExecutivesContentsModule Objectives ............................................................................................. 1Air Traffic Control ............................................................................................ 2History ...................................................................................................... 2ATCT Ground and Radio Operation.................................................. 3U. S. Airspace .................................................................................................... 5ARTCC AND ATC Operations ................................................................ 8ATC Technology ..................................................................................... 13Air Navigation and Navigational Aids ............................................................ 14Navigational Aids (NAVAIDS)............................................................... 14Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) ............................................................. 16Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) ........................... 17Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) ................................................. 18Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN) .......................................................... 18Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range with Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC) ........................................... 18Area Navigation (RNAV) ....................................................................... 18Course Line Computers (CLC)............................................................... 18Long Range Navigation (LORAN) ........................................................ 19Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS) ............................................ 19Wide and Local Area Augmentation system (WAAS & LAAS)............ 20Instrument Landing System (ILS) .......................................................... 21Localizer (LOC) and Localizer Directional Aid (LDA) ................... 22Glideslope (GS) ................................................................................ 22Marker Beacon (MB)........................................................................ 23Instrument Landing System (ILS) Categories .................................. 24Runway Visual Range (RVR) .......................................................... .24Simplified Directional Finder (SDF) ...................................................... 25Microwave Landing System (MLS) ....................................................... 25Runway Lighting System ................................................................................ 25Approach Lighting Systems (ALS) ........................................................ 26VFR Approach Light Systems.......................................................... 29F. A. R. Part 77 ................................................................................................ 29Notification ............................................................................................. 32Summary.......................................................................................................... 35Study Questions ............................................................................................... 36TablesTable A Light Gun Signals .............................................................................................. 4Table B Time Conversion to UTC (Zulu) ....................................................................... 5Table C ILS Categories and Criteria (Source: FAA AC 150/5300 Airport Design) ..... 24FiguresFigure 1 FAA Airspace Designations .............................................................................. 6Figure 2 Airport Traffic Patterns.................................................................................... 10Figure 3 Non-Transgression Zone as Part of Precision Runway Monitoring (PRN) .... 13Figure 4 Information Contained on VFR Sectional Chart ............................................ 15Figure 5 Localizer and Glideslope Critical Areas ......................................................... 23Figure 6 Instrument Approach Lighting Systems .......................................................... 27Figure 7 Visual Glideslope Indicators ........................................................................... 28Figure 8 Part 77 Obstacle Surfaces ................................................................................ 31Figure 9 Airport Circling Approach Obstacle Clearance Area ..................................... 31Figure 10 Notification Requirements for FAR Part 77 Near Airports ............................. 32Figure 11 FAR Part 77 Traverse Way Standards Notification ......................................... 33Module ObjectivesCan you....1. recognize the different light gun signals for vehicles operating on the airport?2. convert local time into UTC?3. describe the different airspace categories surrounding airports?4. identify how landing aid information is conveyed to pilots?5. distinguish between the types of radar used to separate aircraft in flightand on the ground?6. explain the purpose of each ground-based equipment used for thenavigation of aircraft?7. explain the components and function of a non-precision and precisioninstrument landing system?8. distinguish the operating characteristics and components of differentapproach lighting systems?9. identify the imaginary surfaces associated with FAR Part 77?10. identify when an FAA Form 7460-1 is required?11. list the options available to address the results of an FAR Part 77study?12. explain the acronyms, terms, and common phrases used in the module?13. interpret and explain the basic premises and concepts presented in thevarious figures and tables?1Air Traffic ControlThe first use of air traffic control procedures involved a person standing at the end ofthe St. Louis, Missouri, airport in 1929, using colored flags to communicate adviso-ries to pilots. Light guns soon replaced flags as the primary signaling devices, andthey are still required in air traffic control towers today. Their use, however, has beenlargely relegated to a backup