Linux Filesystem FeaturesReferencesCross-developmentExtended File SystemThe Virtual File System ideaSlide 6Limitations in ExtXia and Ext2 filesystemsFilesystem ComparisonCommon conceptsInodesInode diagramDirectoriesDirectory diagramLinksSymbolic LinksFilesystem performanceExample: ‘msdos’ versus ‘ext2’Linux Filesystem FeaturesEvolution of a de facto standard file system for Linux: ‘ext2’References•Maurice J. Bach, “The Design of the UNIX Operating System,” Prentice-Hall (1986).•Remy Card, Theodore Ts’o, and Stephen Tweedie, “Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem,” Proc. of First Dutch International Symposium on Linux (1994), ISBN 90-367-0385-9. [This paper is available online at MIT’s website.]Cross-development•Linux: first developed on a minix system•Both OSs shared space on the same disk•So Linux reimplemented minix file system•Two severe limitations in the minix FS–Block addresses are 16-bits (64MB limit)–Directories use fixed-size entries (w/filename)Extended File System•Originally written by Chris Provenzano•Extensively rewritten by Linux Torvalds•Initially released in 1992•Removed the two big limitations in minix•Used 32-bit file-pointers (filesizes to 2GB)•Allowed long filenames (up to 255 chars)•Question: How to integrate ext into Linux?The Virtual File System idea•Multiple file systems need to coexist•But filesystems share a core of common concepts and high-level operations•So can create a filesystem abstraction•Applications interact with this VFS•Kernel translates abstract-to-actualTask 1 Task 2 Task n…user spacekernel spaceVIRTUAL FILE SYSTEMminix ext2 msdos procdevice driverfor hard diskdevice driver for floppy disk Buffer CachesoftwarehardwareHard Disk Floppy DiskLinux KernelLimitations in Ext•Some problems with the Ext filesystem –Lacked support for 3 timestamps•Accessed, Inode Modified, Data Modified–Used linked-lists to track free blocks/inodes•Poor performance over time •Lists became unsorted•Files became fragmented–Did not provide room for future extensibilityXia and Ext2 filesystems•Two new filesystems introduced in 1993•Both tried to overcome Ext’s limitations•Xia was based on existing minix code•Ext2 was based on Torvalds’ Ext code•Xia was initially more stable (smaller)•But flaws in Ext2 were eventually fixed•Ext2 soon became a ‘de facto’ standardFilesystem ComparisonMinixExtXia Ext2Maximal FS sizeMaximal filesize64MB 2GB 2GB 4TB64MB 2GB64MB2GBMaximal filename 14/30 chars 255 chars 248 chars 255 chars3 timestamps noExtensible?Can vary block size?Code is maintained?nonoyesnonononoyesyesyesyesyesnono?Common concepts•Files are represented by inodes•Directories are special files (dentries)•Devices accessed by I/O on special files•UNIX filesystems can implement ‘links’Inodes•A structure that contains file’s description:–Type–Access rights–Owners–Timestamps–Size–Pointers to data blocks•Kernel keeps the inode in memory (open)Inode diagraminodeFile infoDirect blocksIndirect blocksDoubleIndirect BlocksDirectories•These are structured in a tree hierarchy•Each can contain both files and directories•A directory is just a special type of file•Special user-functions for directory access•Each dentry contains filename + inode-no•Kernel searches the direrctory tree •translates a pathname to an inode-numberDirectory diagramInode Table Directoryi1i2i3i4name1name2name3name4Links•Multiple names can point to same inode•The inode keeps track of how many links•If a file gets deleted, the inode’s link-count gets decremented by the kernel•File is deallocated if link-count reaches 0•This type of linkage is called a ‘hard’ link•Hard links may exist only within a single FS•Hard links cannot point to directories (cycles)Symbolic Links•Another type of file linkage (‘soft’ links)•Special file, consisting of just a filename•Kernel uses name-substitution in search•Soft links allow cross-filesystem linkage•But they do consume more disk storageFilesystem performance•Two predominant performance criteria:–Speed of access to file’s contents–Efficiency of disk storage utilization•How can these be meaningfully measured•How do we screen out extraneous factors–The underlying hardware medium–The user-interface software, etcExample: ‘msdos’ versus ‘ext2’•Write a program that creates many files•Use ramdom number generating function•Can create files of various sizes•But everything must fit on floppy diskette•First, see which system ‘fills up’ soonest•Measure how fast files can be read back•Then see how much space gets
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