-1- The Puzzle of Temporal Experience1 Sean D. Kelly Princeton University To appear in Philosophy and Neuroscience, eds. Andy Brook and Kathleen Akins (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). Last modified: August 16, 2004 I. Introduction There you are at the opera house. The soprano has just hit her high note – a glass-shattering high C that fills the hall – and she holds it. She holds it. She holds it. She holds it. She holds it. She holds the note for such a long time that after a while a funny thing happens: you no longer seem only to hear it, the note as it is currently sounding, that glass-shattering high C that is loud and high and pure. In addition, you also seem to hear something more. It is difficult to express precisely what this extra feature is. One is tempted to say, however, that the note now sounds like it has been going on for a very long time. Perhaps it even sounds like a note that has been going on for too long. In any event, what you hear no longer seems to be limited to the pitch, timbre, loudness, and other strictly audible qualities of the note. You seem in addition to experience, even to hear, something about its temporal extent. This is a puzzling experience. For surely, it seems, you never actually hear anything but the note as it is currently sounding. You never actually hear anything, one might have thought, except for the current audible qualities of the note. But how long the note has been going on – its temporal extent – does not seem to be an audible feature of the note that is on a par with its pitch, timbre, and loudness. So how is it possible for one to experience the note as having gone on for a very long time? How is possible, indeed, for one now to hear something as having been a certain way? This is a particular example of the kind of problem I am interested in. It is a very specific kind of problem that concerns our capacity to experience time. When I first began thinking about our experience of time I expected to find a vast quantity of literature devoted to the problem. I expected this literature to span the disciplines of philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience, and I therefore expected the area to be ripe for 1 I have benefited, in writing this paper, from the feedback of many people. I would like to thank audiences at MIT, Wake Forest, Georgetown and Bryn Mawr, as well as what seemed like the entire Psychology Department at Princeton. All these audiences listened and responded, sometimes vociferously, to early drafts of the paper. I would like especially to thank Andy Brook and Kathleen Akins for the wonderful conference they organized on Philosophy and Neuroscience at Carleton University, at which I presented the original draft. In developing the ideas in the paper, and other related ideas that I hope will appear later, I remember especially interesting discussions with Adrian Bardon, Michael Berry, Dave Chalmers, Cheryl Kelly Chen, Bert Dreyfus, Adam Elga, Brian McLaughlin, Ann Treisman, Frank Tong, and Michael Tye. In addition to several very helpful discussions on this topic, I would like to thank my wife Cheryl Kelly Chen for everything else, not least of which includes all her help and support.-2- interdisciplinary research. In some sense I was not disappointed. There is, for instance, a vast literature in neuroscience on the neural basis of temporal illusions like the flash-lag illusion;2 likewise, there is in psychology a considerable industry devoted to such issues as the temporality of gestalt switching, the temporal limits on attention, and the psychophysics of visual motion;3 and in philosophy, of course, there is a growing movement concerned with questions about the metaphysics of time.4 To my surprise, however, I discovered that there is in fact very little written in any of these areas nowadays about the particular problem I am interested in. There is very little written, in other words, about our experience of the passage of time, at least if the issue is construed in a certain way. This is partly because, I believe, the problem I am interested in is rather difficult to articulate. The goal of my paper, therefore, is quite modest: I hope to show you there is a problem here, one that is being overlooked in all of these fields. I will have succeeded if I manage to make you puzzled about something that you hadn’t already known was puzzling. 2. Preliminary Statement of the Puzzle of Temporal Experience For the purposes of this paper, I will approach the puzzle through the examination of a cluster of phenomena that share the same general form. These phenomena include: 1) the perception of objects as persisting through time; 2) the perception of objects as moving across space; 3) the perception of events as occurring in a unified but temporally ordered manner (as, for instance, in a melody); and generally speaking, 4) our experience of the passage of time. Any careful and sensitive treatment of these phenomena would of course distinguish them in a variety of ways. In this paper, however, I will treat all of these phenomena as manifestations of the same general philosophical problem. At the general level I am interested in I do not believe the differences among these phenomena are as relevant as their similarities. As a result I will be cavalier about my use of these examples, blithely moving among them as if they were identical in all the relevant respects. This is clearly false, but I hope my strategy is not therefore illegitimate. For my main goal is to isolate a philosophical problem the various sides of which are seen more or less clearly through the various phenomena listed above. The puzzle I am interested in can be stated, in preliminary form, as follows: The Puzzle of Temporal Experience: How is it possible for us to have experiences as of continuous, dynamic, temporally structured, unified events given that we start with (what at least seems to be) a sequence of independent and static snapshots of the world at a time? 2 See, e.g., Nijhawan 2002, Whitney et. al. 2000, Krekelman 2000, Eagleman & Sejnowski 2000, 2001, 2002. See also footnote 35 for further references. 3 See, e.g., Pöppel 1988, Palmer 1999 and references therein. 4 See, e.g., Sider 2001, Le Poidevin 1998, Mellor 1998.-3- This philosophical puzzle of time and experience has largely been ignored in philosophy for the past fifty years. Even so, it is