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UW-Madison BOTANY 401 - Weeds

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Our New Great Lakes Flora!. . . weeds, aliens, invasives. . . !Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Flora of Wisconsin!2570 total species!!Michigan = 2717 !158 families 758 genera 2570 species!Information source: Wisconsin State Herbarium!www.botany.wisc.edu/herbarium/!Native species = 1889!Arethusa bulbosa!Dragon’s mouth !Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Introduced species = 681!Alliaria petiolata!Garlic mustard!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Why are we (government, public, scientists, etc.) worried?!Wisconsin State Journal, April 11, 2008!Why did the DNR force the Botany Dept in 2010 to dig up the Botany Garden pond that had Nymphoides?!Weed: A plant species (or any organism) not in its normal geographic distribution, spread by human activities, and usually with some negative impact to humans and/or “native” flora/vegetation/fauna!• introduction!• non-native!• naturalized!• alien!• invasive!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Centaurea maculosa!Spotted knapweed!What is a weed?!Although the Wisconsin Cranberry Association has labeled Eutrochium maculatum a weed as it decreases their profits!!What is not a weed!!Eutrochium maculatum!Joe-pye weed!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!What is not a weed!!Cirsium pitcheri!Dune thistle!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Wisconsin Legislated “Noxious” Weeds!Cirsium arvense !Canada thistle !!!Convolvulus arvensis !field bindweed!!Euphorbia virgata !leafy spurge !!Lythrum salicaria !purple loosestrife !!Rosa multiflora !multiflora rose !!!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Wisconsin Legislated “Noxious” Weeds!Cirsium arvense !Canada thistle !!!Convolvulus arvensis !field bindweed!!Euphorbia virgata !leafy spurge !!Lythrum salicaria !purple loosestrife !!Rosa multiflora !multiflora rose !!!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Wisconsin Legislated “Noxious” Weeds!Cirsium arvense !Canada thistle !!!Convolvulus arvensis !field bindweed!!Euphorbia virgata !leafy spurge !!Lythrum salicaria !purple loosestrife !!Rosa multiflora !multiflora rose !!!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Wisconsin Legislated “Noxious” Weeds!Cirsium arvense !Canada thistle !!!Convolvulus arvensis !field bindweed!!Euphorbia virgata !leafy spurge !!Lythrum salicaria !purple loosestrife !!Rosa multiflora !multiflora rose !!!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Wisconsin Legislated “Noxious” Weeds!Cirsium arvense !Canada thistle !!!Convolvulus arvensis !field bindweed!!Euphorbia virgata !leafy spurge !!Lythrum salicaria !purple loosestrife !!Rosa multiflora !multiflora rose !!!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds can be ecological disruptive!!— invasive cattail forming monospecific stands in Wisconsin!2000 500 m ESW 2000 500 m LuluW Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Invasive cattail spread from 1960s to 2000 (red contour) in two sites!• (R) without normal water draw down!• (L) with normal water fluctuation!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds hybridize with native species - Typha X glauca cattail!Narrow leaf cattail!Typha angustifolia!Broad leaf cattail!Typha latifolia!Hybrid cattail!Typha x glauca!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds hybridize with native species - Typha X glauca cattail!§ Has purple loosestrife hybridized with closely related but native winged loosestrife (Lythrum alatum)?!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!? introgression in L. salicaria where sympatric with L. alatum!§ Is this part of the recent (delayed) invasive nature of the weed?!§ Has purple loosestrife hybridized with closely related but native winged loosestrife (Lythrum alatum)?!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds are linked to loss of biodiversity . . .!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Weeds are linked to loss of biodiversity . . .!How do you tell a weed?!1. Fossil evidence or its lack!2. Historical evidence of introductions!3. Probable means of introduction!4. Typical reproductive patterns!5. Disturbed habitats!6. Geographical distribution patterns!7. Genetic diversity!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!• are any of the cattails native to North America?!• Green River Eocene deposits of Colorado!• Holocene fossil pollen tetrads!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!How do you tell a weed?!1. Fossil evidence or its lack!1. Fossil evidence or its lack!2. Historical evidence of introductions!3. Probable means of introduction!4. Typical reproductive patterns!5. Disturbed habitats!6. Geographical distribution patterns!7. Genetic diversity!Reseda lutea (mignonette) from Mediterranean found “natively” in pristine Thomson Prairie west of Madison!Rock garden ornamental - via shoes?!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!How do you tell a weed?!Sources of weeds — “rogues gallery of exotica”!1. Direct introduction!2. Agriculture!3. Ballast!4. Roads & pickles (salt)!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!1. Direct introduction!2. Agriculture!3. Ballast!4. Roads & pickles (salt)!Pueraria lobata - Kudzu!Kudzu introduced from Japan into SE U.S. for soil erosion control!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Sources of weeds — “rogues gallery of exotica”!Gypsophila introduced into Great Lakes (now invasive on dunes) as “baby-breath” ornamental!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Sources of weeds — “rogues gallery of exotica”!Heracleum mantegazzianum (hogweed) introduced from southwest Asia (Caucasus) by gardeners!Hogweed: over 9 ft and looks like cow’s parnsip but bigger and with purple stem splotches; phototoxic!!!The 2003 Guinness Book of Records recognizes Giant Hogweed as the largest weed in the world.!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Sources of weeds — “rogues gallery of exotica”!1. Direct introduction!2. Agriculture!3. Ballast!4. Roads & pickles (salt)!Agriculture basically came from Eurasia to North America!Many of our weeds are agriculture based!Few North American weeds in Eurasia!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Sources of weeds — “rogues gallery of exotica”!Cirsium arvense !Canada thistle!Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed!Euphorbia virgata!leafy spurge!Three of the five Wisconsin state listed “obnoxious” weeds arrived with agriculture!Weeds: the New Flora of Wisconsin!Sources of weeds — “rogues gallery of exotica”!1. Direct introduction!2.


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UW-Madison BOTANY 401 - Weeds

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