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UW-Madison BOTANY 401 - Naming things

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Naming things!What is this tree?!Naming things!What is this tree?!Wafer-ash!Hop-tree!Ptelea trifoliata!Rutaceae! – citrus family!Stinking-ash!BioDiversity - Goals!1. Inventory earthʼs biota: !Worldwide: 1.6 million species have been described and named!Wisconsin: 32,000+ spp., and in terms of vascular plants 2,570 spp.!2. Identify and name species!Cypripedium acaule!Stemless lady slipper!3. Classify or place the species in groups!Plantae!Magnoliophyta!Liliopsida !Asparagales !Orchidaceae!Cypripedium!Cypripedium acaule!Kingdom!Phylum!Class!Order!Family!Genus!Species!Hierarchical!classification!Nomenclature - Using Names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!Stemless lady slipper!Common names!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!Check out the “9 most unusual plant names”!!![google “seedorama names”]!Nomenclature - Using Names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!Stemless lady slipper!Common names!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!What are their disadvantages?!• One plant can have many names !Moccasin flower!Pink lady slipper!Nomenclature - Using Names!Garden pansy!+ 200 other names!!Common names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!What are their disadvantages?!• One plant can have many names !Nomenclature - Using Names!Fireweed!Epilobium!(Onagraceae)!Common names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!What are their disadvantages?!• One plant can have many names !• One name can be given to unrelated plants!Fireweed!Erechtites!(Asteraceae)!Nomenclature - Using Names!Common names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!What are their disadvantages?!• One plant can have many names !• One name can be given to unrelated plants!Sweet-fern!(not a fern!)!• Names can be confusing or misleading!Nomenclature - Using Names!Common names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!What are their disadvantages?!• One plant can have many names !• One name can be given to unrelated plants!Red oak!(type of oak)!• Names can be confusing or misleading!Poison sumac!(type of sumac)!Poison-oak!(type of sumac, not oak)!Hyphens often used with!non-relationship of two terms !Nomenclature - Using Names!Common names!Nomenclature = a system of naming!What are their advantages?!• colorful and easy to remember!• for most, only means of communication about earthʼs diversity!What are their disadvantages?!• One plant can have many names !• One name can be given to unrelated plants!Carex crawfordii!?!• Names can be confusing or misleading!• Many plants have no common names!Crawford’s sedge!Nomenclature - Using Names!Scientific names!Carex crawfordii Fernald!The principles and rules of botanical nomenclature have been developed and adapted by a series of International Botanical Congresses and are listed in the International Code of Nomenclature (or plants, algae, fungi):!!the major goal of nomenclature is to provide one correct name for each taxonomic group within a stable system of names!Nomenclature - Using Names!Scientific names!Species names: binomial system which was first consistently used by Carolus Linneaus!!!!!Genus name: Carex!!Specific epithet: crawfordii!!Species name: Carex crawfordii!!Authority: Fernald - the name of the person who came up with the name for this species!!Scientific name is the genus + specific epithet + authority!Carex crawfordii Fernald!Nomenclature - Using Names!Scientific names - general rules!• Italics or underlined for species name!• Generic name must always be capitalized!• Species epithet may always be lower case!• Species epithet should never be used alone!• The first name is a singular noun and the second word is an adjective modifying the genus name. Because botanical nomenclature is Latin, the species epithet must agree in gender with the genus.!Carex crawfordii Fernald!Nomenclature - Using Names!Scientific names - name changes!• Unfortunately very common!• Gives rise to duplicate names - synonyms - for the same plant !• How many plant species are there vs. plant names?!• ask the British!Newcomb’s Wild Flower Guide changes!!• MANY plants you will encounter in this course have synonyms!Field Manual of Michigan Flora!Nomenclature - Using Names!Scientific names - name changes – an example!Senecio aureus L.! !The golden ragwort was named by Linnaeus:!!Senecio aureus L.!Packera aurea (L.) Löve & Löve!Switched to the genus Packera by Löve & Löve:!!Packera aurea (L.) Löve & Löve!Note 4 things:!!1. The name in parenthesis - Linnaeus - is the author of the specific epithet and the specific epithet has priority and is retained if possible when moved into a 2nd genus.!2. Löve and Löve are the authors of the binomial.!!3. The gender has changed.!!4. Senecio aureus is now a synonym for Packera aurea: check out the Wisconsin State Herbarium to see how it is


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UW-Madison BOTANY 401 - Naming things

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