HC70A & SAS70A Winter 2011 Genetic Engineering in Medicine, Agriculture, and Law Professors Bob Goldberg & John Harada Lecture 1 The Age of DNA; What Is Genetic Engineering? Course Administratorp Turn Off Your Cell Phones!!THEMES 1. The Age of DNA, Genomics, Genetic Engineering & Synthetic Organisms 2. What Do Genes Look Like - DNA Demonstration 3. DNA Into Your Home 4. How Was Modern Genetic Engineering “Invented?” 5. What Is Genetic Engineering & How Has It Affected Our Lives? 6. What Can Be Done With Genetic Engineering? 7. What Does Genetic Engineering Tell Us About Genetic Processes? 8. What Is the Scientific Method? 9. Genetic Engineering - Anything New? 10. Classical vs. 21st Century Genetic Engineering -Demonstration 11. Era of Genomics,Genetic Engineering, & Synthetic Life - Impact on Humankind?Going Long Distance HC70A & SAS70A Winter 2011 A Model For Cross-Campus Interactive LearningWe Live in The Age of DNA! Genetic Engineering Is Manipulating DNA!DNA is Part of Our Culture!! “It’s Part of Their/Our DNA!”We Live in the Era of.... • Genes & DNA • Genetic Engineering of Microbes, Plants, & Animals • Genomics & Genome Sequencing!• Mammalian Reproduction, Stem Cells & Cloning!• Personalized Genomes and Ability to Identify Any Individual Using DNA!• Biotechnology Using Genetic Engineering Technology!And the SYNTHESIS of These Technologies!! • Synthetic Microbes Made by “Man”• Has Generated the Vast Majority of New Biological Knowledge Over the Past 37 Years From Experiments in Biology Laboratories Around the Globe!• Has Changed Our Lives Dramatically! • Is the Most Revolutionary Technology in Biology to Have Been Invented to Date! Genetic Engineering……..• From New Medicines • To Better Crops • To the Sequence of the Human Genome & Ancient Genomes • To Understanding the Basis of Human Disease and Aging • To Novel Ways To Identify Individuals • To Personalized Genomes and Medicine • To Ultimately -- Immortality? • To the Ability to Eventually Unravel the Mysteries of ALL Cellular Processes! • To Creating Synthetic OrganismsGenetic Engineering Can Now Be Used To Synthesize Entire Chromosomes From Chemicals and Create Synthetic Microbes in a Test TubeCreating Life: Synthetic Microbes J. Craig Venter 60 Minutes-December 2010Are You Uncomfortable With Creating Microbes With Synthetic Genomes? a. Yes b. No Question OneDNA Can Be Used To Look Into The Past and “Bring Back the Dead!!From a 45,000 Year-Old Bone Science, May 7, 2010 (328, 710-722) Wilma Female Red Hair Pale Skin Freckles How Know What Wilma Looked Like?Nature, December 30, 2010 (468,1053-1060) DNA Sequence From 40,000 Year Old Fossil DNA!!Nature, November 2008 Fossil Hair For DNA 200,000 Years Old Think About Bringing a Woolly Mammoth Back to Life!!November 11, 2008 Frozen Dead Mouse Clone of Dead Mouse Think of the possibilities! How Know a Clone or Genetically Identical Individual - DNA!By Using DNA Fingerprints to Identify Individuals & Genes DNA Fingerprints What is YOUR DNA Fingerprint?DNA Testing Into the Home - Fast & Inexpensive DNA Testing Kits! What are the Scientific, Legal, Ethical, & Privacy Issues?? Paternity Ancestry ImmigrationEven Lineages of Ancient Mummies Such As King Tut Can Be Determined Using DNA Fingerprinting!! National Geographic, September 2010 King Tut Lived 3,500 years Ago!!Combined DNA Index System of DNA Profiles • Convicted Felons • Suspects Arrested For Felonies • DNA Samples From Crime Scenes • Unidentified Human Remains • Relatives of Missing Persons DNA Has Impacted the Law in Dramatic Ways July, 2010 8,646,417 July, 2010 Offender Profiles 8,646,417 Forensic Profiles 328,067 National DNA Index SystemCaught By DNA!!15th Person Cleared by DNA in Dallas. Charles Chatman was released from state custody Jan. 3 in Dallas, after serving nearly 27 years in prison for a rape he didn't commit. He is the 15th Dallas man to be cleared by DNA testing after being wrongfully convicted. After his hearing, he hugged Judge John Creuzot, who advocated for testing in the case. Innocence Project of Texas Attorney Jeff Blackburn (left) represents Chatman. Set Free By DNA Evidence4. Should every individual who is arrested for a crime be required tohave their DNA fingerprinted and deposited in a National CriminalDNA database (CODIS)?a. Yesb. NoQuestion TwoDNA Is Leading to a New Era in Personalized MedicineTime Magazine 2008 - Invention of the Year Your Personal Genome - 23andMe® https://www.23andme.com/ And Before Birth!!! DNA Can Be Used To Test For Hundreds of Disease Genes and Human Traits and Generate Personalized Gene ProfilesThe Complete Genome of Individuals Can Now Be Decoded and Sequenced Very Inexpensively ($10,000)!! The Era of Personalized Genomes is Here!Determining the Genetic Identity of a Human Embryo Before Implantation! Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)Sequencing DNA From the Blood of a Pregnant Woman Allows the Complete Genome Of the Fetus to Be Decoded! ~10% of DNA in Maternal Plasma is From the Fetus Science Translational Medicine, December 8, 2010 (61,1-12) A New Era in DNA Testing!!1. Should parents that carry a gene for a genetic disease berequired to test their children to determine whether they arecarriers or have the disease?a. Yesb. NoQuestion ThreeWhat Is A Gene?!What Do Your Genes Look Like?!How Was Genetic Engineering Invented? & How Did It Lead To All of These Remarkable Advances With DNA?Genetic Engineering Started in a Hawaii Delicatessen 35 Years Ago….. With An Unexpected “Eureka” Moment Dealing With Two Unrelated Areas of Study: 1. The Mechanism of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance 2. How Novel Enzymes That Protect Bacteria From Destruction By Viruses “Cut” DNA Into PiecesPlasmids Are Circular Self-Relicating DNA Molecules in Bacterial Cells That Carry Antibiotic Resistance Genes Plasmids Defend Bacteria Against Antibiotics! PlasmidsRestriction Enzymes Are Proteins That “Cut” DNA Into Pieces Restriction Enzymes Protect Bacteria From “Killer” Viruses! Enzymes? “Killer” VirusRestriction Enzymes Are Proteins That “Cut” DNA Into Pieces At Specific Sequences DNA Fragments of Different Origins “Cut” By the SAME Restriction Enzyme Can Re-Join And Form a HYBRID DNA Molecule!!! HYBRID DNA MOLECULE!!!Genetic Engineering Technology Can Combine DNA (Genes) From