PowerPoint PresentationChapter MapSlide 3Front- and Back-Office Information SystemsA Federation of Information SystemsInformation System ApplicationsSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Information Systems ArchitecturePerspectives or StakeholdersInformation System Building BlocksKNOWLEDGE Building BlocksSlide 14PROCESS Building BlocksSlide 16Slide 17COMMUNICATION Building BlocksSlide 19Network Technologies and the IS Building Blocks1Irwin/McGraw-Hill2C H A P T E RINFORMATION SYSTEM BUILDING BLOCKS2Irwin/McGraw-HillChapter MapWhat?How?3Irwin/McGraw-HillChapter Map•Relevance to all systems projects•Vertical Synchronization•Database schema must implement data requirements•Horizontal Synchronization•Each DB table requires application software to maintain data stored in tables4Irwin/McGraw-HillFront- and Back-Office Information SystemsFront-office information systems support business functions that extend out to the organization’s customers (or constituents).–Marketing–Sales–Customer managementBack-office information systems support internal business operations of an organization, as well as reach out to suppliers (of materials, equipment, supplies, and services). –Human resources–Financial management–Manufacturing–Inventory controlNote: Office Automation can be either5Irwin/McGraw-HillA Federation of Information Systems6Irwin/McGraw-HillInformation System Applications– A transaction processing system (TPS) is an information system that captures and processes data about business transactions.•Includes data maintenance, which provides for custodial updates to stored data.–A management information system (MIS) is an information system that provides for management-oriented reporting based on transaction processing and operations of the organization. (Tactical)•Detailed Information •Summary Information•Exception Reporting7Irwin/McGraw-HillInformation System Applications–A Decision Support System (DSS)/ Executive Information System (EIS) is an information system designed for mid-/top-level managers that integrates data from all over the organization as well as external information into “at-a-glance” graphical indicators and controls. (Strategic)•Identification of problems, solutions, and decisions•Access to information•What if analysis•Simulation•A data warehouse is a read-only, informational database that is populated with detailed, summary, and exception data and information generated by other transaction and management information systems.–An expert system is an information system that captures the expertise of workers and then simulates that expertise to the benefit of nonexperts.•Expert systems are implemented with artificial intelligence technology8Irwin/McGraw-HillInformation System Applications–A communications and collaboration system is an information system that enables more effective communications between workers, partners, customers, and suppliers to enhance their ability to collaborate.•Also known as Groupware–Lotus Notes–phpGroupWare–Lucane Groupware•Three Levels–Communications »Email, Voice Mail, Web Publishing, Fax–Conferencing»Video Conference, chat room, whiteboards, EMS–Management»Calendaring, Project Management, Knowledge Management–An office automation system is an information system that supports the wide range of business office activities that provide for improved work flow between workers.•Real Estate – Appraisal system•Project Management•Call Management9Irwin/McGraw-HillInformation System Applications10Irwin/McGraw-HillInformation Systems ArchitectureInformation systems architecture - a unifying framework into which various stakeholders with different perspectives can organize and view the fundamental building blocks of information systems.11Irwin/McGraw-HillPerspectives or StakeholdersSystem owners pay for the system to be built and maintained.System users use the system to perform or support the work to be completed.System designers design the system to meet the users’ requirements.System builders construct, test, and deliver the system into operation.Systems analysts facilitate the development of information systems and computer applications by bridging the communications gap that exists between nontechnical system owners and users and technical system designers and builders.IT vendors and consultants sell hardware, software, and services to businesses for incorporation into their information systems.12Irwin/McGraw-HillInformation System Building BlocksKnowledge — the raw material used to create useful information.Process — the activities (including management) that carry out the mission of the business.Communication — how the system interfaces with its users and other information systems.13Irwin/McGraw-HillKNOWLEDGE Building BlocksSystem owners’ view–Interested not in raw data but in information that adds new business knowledge and information that help managers make intelligent decisions.–Business entities and business rules.System users’ view–View data as something recorded on forms, stored in file cabinets, recorded in books and binders, organized into spreadsheets, or stored in computer files and databases.–Tend to focus on the business issues as they pertain to the data.–Data requirement – a representation of users’ data in terms of entities, attributes, relationships, and rules independent of data technology.14Irwin/McGraw-HillKNOWLEDGE Building BlocksSystem designers’ view–Data structures, database schemas, fields, indexes, and constraints of particular database management system (DBMS).System builders’ view–SQL–DBMS or other data technologies15Irwin/McGraw-HillPROCESS Building BlocksSystem owners’ view–Concerned with high-level processes called business functions.–Business function – a group of related processes that support the business. •Functions can be decomposed into other subfunctions •and eventually into processes that do specific tasks.–A cross-functional information system – a system that supports relevant business processes from several business functions without regard to traditional organizational boundaries such as divisions, departments, centers, and offices.16Irwin/McGraw-HillPROCESS Building BlocksSystem users’ view–Concerned with work that must be performed to provide the appropriate responses to business events. –Business processes –