BIOL 1050 Lecture 10 Outline of Last LectureI. DNAII. DNA StructureIII. DNA BasesIV. Copying DNAV. DNA and Traits and RNAOutline of Current LectureI. TranslationII. Genetic CodeIII. MutationCurrent LectureI. Translationa. Translation: process that uses the instructions in the RNA to make proteins b. The RNA leaves the nucleus-acts as a “messenger” for the DNAc. Just like RNA is formed from DNA, proteins are made from directions on RNAd. Proteins are chains of amino acidse. Instead of each RNA base coding for one amino acid, the RNA bases are read in groups of 3i. Groups of 3 RNA bases are called codons1. Codons specify all the amino acidsII. Genetic Codea. There are multiple codons that code for the same amino acidsb. No codon codes fore more than 1 amino acidc. Genetic code is universal, it is used by all living organisms on the planetd. Genes can be transferred from one species to another III. Mutationsa. Mutations: any change in the order of bases on a strand of DNAb. Mutations may result fromi. Exposure to harmful conditionsii. Exposure to certain virusesiii. Errors while copying DNAiv. Inheritance (only if occurs in sex cells)c. Effects of mutations can varyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. No effect occurs when the mutation in the DNA does not change the amino acid that is called fori. Called a neutral mutatione. Sometimes bases are either added, deleted or substitutedf. If one base is added or deleted, you get a frameshift mutation (shifting everything over by 1)g. Every codon from that point until end of gene is wrong, so usually harmfuli. A frameshift at the beginning of the sequence will more likely lead to more problems than one at the end of a
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