A short history of pesticide registration and review in the US HORT 5009 S 2009 Vera Krischik Department of Entomology University of Minnesota History of pesticide regulation Silent Spring by Dr Rachael Carson was published in 1962 She wrote it at home in Silver Spring MD She was a researcher at the US Fish and Wildlife Service in MD Rachael Carson died in April 1964 In 1970 Silent Spring was first published in serial form in the New Yorker Magazine This exhaustively researched carefully reasoned and beautifully written attack on the indiscriminate use of pesticides attracted immediate attention and wound up causing a revolution in public opinion The EPA was created on December 2 1970 History of pesticide regulation The U S Food and Drug Administration FDA is an agency of the US Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible for the safety regulation of most types of foods dietary supplements medical devices blood products drugs vacines radiation emitting devices veterinary products and cosmetics The FDA also enforces section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and the associated regulations including sanitation requirements on interstate travel as well as specific rules for control of disease on products ranging from pet turtles to blood History of pesticide regulation The U S Department of Agriculture USDA is an agency concerned with Agriculture Programs Forestry Programs CSREES Food and Nutrition Laws and regulation Marketing and Trade Natural resources Forest Service Parks Pesticide Training ARS Agriculture Research Service APHIS Animal Plant Health Inspection Service History of pesticide regulation The U S Environmental Protection Agency EPA is an agency concerned with Ecosystems Water Air Climate Waste Pesticides Pollution 1996 Food Quality Protection Act reforms the nation s food safety laws Signed into law by President Clinton on August 3 1996 the act amends the two major laws involving pesticides the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FIFRA in EPA and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act FFDCA in FDA FQPA revises the FFDCA so that the 1958 Delaney Clause no longer affects pesticides FQPA is part of the EPA History of pesticide regulation USDA FDA and EPA 1839 Agricultural Division in US Patent Office 1849 Patent Office transferred to Department of Interior and Agricultural Division was created 1862 Pres Lincoln created USDA 1887 Hatch Act for Agricultural Funding 1906 FDA or Division of Chemistry in USDA created with the passage of the Federal Food and Drugs Act 1914 Smith Lever Act founded Cooperative Extension Service History of pesticide regulation USDA FDA and EPA 1910 FIA Federal Insecticide Act by Congress to protect farmers from fraud 1947 FIFRA Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act regulated pesticides in USDA 1970 EPA created 1972 FIFRA transferred to EPA 1980 Department of Health and Human Services created and FDA is part of it 1987 Methyl bromide banned by the Montreal Protocol Bromomethane is on the list of banned ozone depleting substances which included Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs used in aeresol cans Bromine is 60 times more destructive to ozone than chlorine even small amounts of bromomethane cause considerable damage to the Ozone layer 1996 Food Quality Protection Act FQPA amends FIFRA and FFDCA History of pesticide regulation USDA 1987 Methyl bromide banned by the Montreal Protocol Bromomethane is on the list of banned ozone depleting substances which included Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs used in aeresol cans Bromine is 60 times more destructive to ozone than chlorine even small amounts of bromomethane cause considerable damage to the Ozone layer 2000 President Bill Clinton 1993 2000 All USDA programs need to use IPM and 75 of all acreage in US needs to be under IPM by the 2000 2005 and 2006 Methyl bromine was granted a critical use exemption under the Montreal Protocol for use in soil fumigation quarantine fumigation and grain product fumigation History of pesticide regulation 1996 Food Quality Protection Act in EPA reforms the nation s food safety laws Signed into law by President Clinton on August 3 1996 the act amends the two major laws involving pesticides the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act FIFRA in EPA and the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act FFDCA in FDA History of pesticide regulation 1996 Food Quality Protection Act FQPA revises the FFDCA 1958 Delaney Clause no longer affects pesticides 1 The Delaney Clause established a zero cancer risk standard for pesticide residues on some processed foods as compared to a negligible risk standard for raw commodities A cancer risk standard for pesticide residues in some processed foods and with a single safe standard of a reasonable certainty of no harm to consumers for pesticide residues in raw and processed foods The Delaney Clause attempted to address the possible link between some pesticides and human cancer However the law soon produced problems the Delaney Paradox a pesticide that could legally not be found in any amount in processed foods could be used on the raw commodity The detection of pesticides improved over the years making a zero tolerance standard difficult to meet History of pesticide regulation 1996 Food Quality Protection Act FQPA revises the FFDCA 2 Provides Protection for Infants and Children Requires explicitly that pesticide residues be safe for infants and children and includes an additional safety factor of 100 fold if necessary to allow for uncertainty in data collected on children s diets Also takes into account children s special sensitivity to pesticides History of pesticide regulation 1996 Food Quality Protection Act FQPA revises the FFDCA 3 Toxicity aggregate exposure When setting a tolerance the EPA now must consider aggregate exposure to compounds with a common mechanism of toxicity Aggregate exposure includes not only dietary food sources of residues but also exposure to non food residues through water gardens lawns golf courses pets homes businesses etc Compounds with a common mechanism of toxicity would be such groups as OPs pyrethroids or Bts and would also include pesticides with food and non food uses The risk cup is filled with the risk from aggregate exposure to pesticides with a common mechanisim of toxicity When the risk cup is full registrants must reduce risk prior to adding pesticides to the cup or eliminate uses History of pesticide regulation 1996 Food Quality Protection Act FQPA revises the FFDCA 4