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MSU EPI 390 - The effect of hygiene on health - tracking disease
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EPI 390 Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Cognitive ThinkingII. Occam’s RazorIII. Einstein and Needle in HaystackOutline of Current Lecture I. Central Axiom of EpidemiologyII. Descriptive Epidemiologya. John SnowIII. Hygiene and HealthIV. Incidence vs. PrevalenceV. The “Magical Triad” of EpidemiologyVI. Reading a Scientific JournalCurrent LectureI. Central Axiom of Epidemiologya. Disease does not spread randomly – epidemiology is about determining differences in the effected and non-effected; if disease spread randomly, it wouldbe impossible to find a cause. i. Measure patterns in disease along axes of time, space, individual characteristics, and community characteristics.ii. Variations in frequency of disease follow variations in intensity of exposure or to variations in susceptibility of the individual.b. Epidemiology – the study of distribution of disease and the causes of disease in human populationsi. Purposes: identify the cause of disease; provide knowledge to prevent or control disease through public health interventions; provide the information needed for the most efficient timing and effectiveness of clinical treatment.II. Descriptive Epidemiology - gather data not to test hypotheses but to generate hypotheses.a. John Snowi. 1854 – Cholera outbreak in London, Dr. John Snow used outbreak to test that it was spread through water (before this, thought all disease was These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.spread through miasma/air; didn’t explain how disease was prone to certain areas)ii. He marked where disease arose. Beginning of cluster maps. Associated disease with water certain companies used, so government began to recognize it needed to actIII. Hygiene and Healtha. After Dr. John Snow, Pasteur became the next big advocate for better public hygiene leading to better health.b. 1858 – London was making plans for new sewer. This was hurried along by “GreatStink” – sewage in Thames + hot weatherc. Important Dates to rememberi. 1866 Sanitary Act – all towns had to appoint inspectors to check water supplies and drainage.ii. 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act – local authorities were given the power to buy and demolish slum housing. iii. 1875 Public Health Act – towns had to appoint Health Inspectors and Sanitary Inspectors; local authorities were given powers to enforce regulations on water supplies and sanitation.iv. 1878 Public Health Act – consolidated the existing laws.IV. Incidence vs. Prevalencea. Incidence: The number of new health-related events in a defined population within a specified period of timei. It has a temporal component; measures the rate of disease. # new cases/# of people at risk in a given time frame (how fast, RISK)ii. Measured through frequency count, rate, cumulativeb. Prevalence: A measure of disease occurrence: the total # of individuals who have an attribute or disease at a particular time divided by the population at risk of having the attribute or disease at that time i. Measure of burden of disease, and looks at existing disease. Measures proportion. # cases/ # total people (HOW MUCH, burden of disease)ii. Point Prevalence – a measure at a specific point in timeiii. Annual Prevalence – includes cases of disease arising before but extending into or through the year as well as cases incipient during the yeariv. Lifetime Prevalence – cases that occur at any time during one’s lifeV. The “Magical Triad” of Epidemiologya. Time- The time frame over which a study is done (a span of days or years)b. Place- The location of the study (i.e. a particular outbreak of E. coli infection in California)c. Period- A particular moment or instance in the studyVI. Reading a Scientific Journal, Types of studiesa. Weight article importance based on citation index (the number of times it’s been cited by other sources).b. Retrospective study: looking back on previous work (work on data set that’s already been collected)c. Over-interpretation: say more than the data actually shows.d. What do you study? How are symptoms related?i. i.e. When lipid profile is low, weight is low. If BMI is low, lipid count usually follows.ii. In MORBID CONDITIONS usually find that if one is high and another is high (rarely have negative feedback


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MSU EPI 390 - The effect of hygiene on health - tracking disease

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