CHEM 121 Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Know the Scientific method Know the definitions for hypothesis scientific law and scientific theory Chapter 2 Length mass weight volume Know 1 ft 12 in 1 yd 3 ft 1 gal 4 qt 1 qt 2 pints 1 pint 2 cups Know 1 cm3 1 mL and 1 dm3 1 L Significant figures or digits Rounding In addition subtraction In multiplication division In measurements uncertainty Scientific notation Solve problems using dimensional analysis with conversion factors showing all work Use dimensional analysis to solve problems Metric system Know these metric prefixes kilo deci centi milli and micro Be able to perform metric metric conversions using these prefixes Use the metric English conversions provided 1 in 2 54 cm 1 lb 453 6 g 1 qt 946 mL Volume by calculation Vrectangular solid length width thickness Volume by displacement m V Be able to determine density mass or volume given the other two quantities Identify what items sink or float in a given liquid given the densities of the liquid and other substances Density d Temperature Know the formulas for converting F to C or C to F and K to C or C to K Percentage ratio of parts per 100 parts Given amount of part and whole calculate Use a given to solve for part or whole Chapter 3 Know that matter is studied at the macroscopic microscopic particulate molecular levels Physical states of matter Determine physical state of substances solids liquids gases given descriptions of volume shape particles moving etc Classification of matter Given examples determine which are elements compounds or mixtures Given molecular level images determine which are elements compounds or mixtures and solids liquids or gases Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Chapter 3 Continued Be able to identify properties and changes as physical or chemical Know terms for changes of state Melting freezing vaporizing condensation sublimation deposition Chemical reaction reactants starting materials products substances produced in reaction kinetic energy KE energy associated with an object s motion Faster objects have higher KE potential energy PE energy due to its position or composition chemical bonds heat energy is transferred from a hotter substance to a cooler substance Identify what lost heat and gained heat given different scenarios Know the relative kinetic energy of solids liquids and gases Endothermic versus Exothermic changes endothermic a change requiring energy exothermic a change that releases energy To determine for physical changes consider if the reactants have more or less kinetic energy than the products To determine for chemical changes consider if the surrounding became hotter or colder after the reaction Law of Conservation of Mass Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction Solve problems conserving mass Law of Conservation of Energy Know 6 forms of energy heat light chemical electrical mechanical and nuclear joule J SI unit of energy 1 kJ 1000 J and 1 watt 1 J s calorie cal energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 C Be able to carry out calculations involving energy in J cal Cal and kilowatt hours kWh heat capacity in J mol C the amount of heat capacity necessary to raise the temperature of a given amount of substance by 1 C specific heat in J g C the amount of heat to raise temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 C Recognize that the greater the heat capacity or specific heat of a substance the more heat energy it can absorb before its temperature begins to rise Chapter 4 Know ideas of matter proposed by Democritus Empedocles and Aristotle Know the main points of John Dalton s Model what was later proven wrong and why Know people and discoveries associated with the discovery of protons neutrons electrons Know Plum Pudding Model vs Nuclear Model CHEM121 Exam 1 Study Guide F2012 page 2 of 4 Chapter 4 Continued Know Rutherford s Alpha Scattering Experiment and what was determined from it atomic nucleus atom mostly empty space the size of an atom relative to its nucleus Subatomic particles proton p 1 charge inside nucleus neutron n neutral inside nucleus electron e 1 charge outside nucleus Electrostatic force force resulting from a charge on particles Objects w like charges repel one another Objects w unlike charges attract each other Know the names and element symbols for elements 1 20 on the Periodic Table Given the element symbol name the element or vice versa Spelling counts Know definitions of isotope atomic mass Atomic notation mass number A atomic number Z E element symbol mass A of protons of neutrons atomic Z of protons of electrons Determine of protons neutrons and electrons for any given isotope Give atomic notation for any element given element name symbol and mass number Use the Periodic Table to identify the most abundant isotope of any element given its naturally occurring isotopes Use the Periodic Table to identify those elements whose naturally occurring isotopes are all radioactive and unstable The Periodic Table column group family row period series Representative Elements A Group Elements Group IA alkali metals except H Group IIA alkaline earth metals Group VIIA halogens Group VIIIA noble gases Transition Metals Elements B Group Elements Inner Transition Elements Elements in lanthanide and actinide series Metals nonmetals and semimetals Know properties of metals and nonmetals Location on Periodic Table and properties Know which elements exist as solids liquids gases at room temperature 25 C Know the names and symbols for all elements included on p 10 in the Ch 4 lecture notes Ti titanium and Sr strontium and uranium U Spelling counts Chapter 9 wavelength distance between peaks frequency number of crests passing by a given point in 1 s CHEM121 Exam 1 Study Guide Wavelength is inversely related to frequency and energy E As or As page 3 of 4 Chapter 9 Continued Electromagnetic Spectrum continuum of radiant energy gamma rays to radio waves The visible spectrum makes up a small portion Red light at 700 nm is lower in energy than blue light at 400 nm Know the people and ideas associated with the Classical Model of Matter John Dalton JJ Thomson Ernest Rutherford James Maxwell Max Planck and Quantum Theory Planck proposed energy is absorbed and emitted as bundles quanta single bundle of energy quantum Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect Be able to describe the Photoelectric Effect Experimental evidence for light existing as particles photons Bohr Theory of the Atom