NOAA‐AVHRR(Surface(Temperature(Why$does$it$take$two$channels$to$reliably$es3mate$surface$temperature?$Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) • The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) provides global visible and infrared cloud data and other specialized meteorological, oceanographic and solar-geophysical data in support of worldwide Department of Defense (DoD) operations. • Program$1966$–$present$NOAA/AVHRR(System(Parameter((applica;ons)(DMSP/OLS((1.1$km$LAC$4.0$km$GAC$(degraded$at$edges)$good$good$Spa3al$resolu3on$(sea$ice$leads)$(meteorology$0.55$km$“fine”$2.7$km$“smooth”$(const.$across$swath)$5$narrow$channels$Ch1:$0.55‐0.68$μm$Ch2:$.725‐1.0$μm$Ch3;$3.55‐3.93$μm$Ch4:$10.30‐11.30$μm$Ch5:$11.50‐12.50$μm$Good$Good$Spectral$resolu3on$(sea$surface$temp.)$(vegeta3on$index)$2$broad‐band$channels$VIS:$0.4‐1.1$μm$IR:$10.5‐12.5$μm$(Marginal)$n/a$IR$yes$(10$bit)$VIS$no$(pre‐launch,$dri^s)$Absolute$calibra3on$IR$Yes$(8$bit)$VIS$no$(con3nued$gain$adjustment)$No$N/A$Developmental$N/A$Visible$band$dynamic$range/nighcme$ops$(auroral$characteris3cs)$(biomass$burning)$NESDIS$NASA$Moonlit$clouds/snow$Yes$Yes$Added$poten3al$with$unique$vis.$$Band$Good$No$N/A$N/A$Coincident$with$passive$microwave$(snow/ice,$rain$rate)$(Sfc.$Wind/soil$moisture)$Yes$Good$Good$No$No$Coincident$with$space$environmental$msrmnts$(auroral$image$feature$+$electron$flux)$Yes$yes$Instrument: ATSR Date of Acquisition: 9 May 1992 Orbit direction: Ascending Instrument features: 1-km resolution In this night-time image, the coldest areas - which include all the land - are shown in purple and blue, whilst yellow and orange are used to represent successively warmer temperatures over a total range of 280-295K. The three blue-purple islands in the top half of the image are the Baleares, (from left) Ibiza, Mallorca and Menorca; the land at the bottom of the picture is the north coast of Algeria. Source: http://earth.esa.int/showcase/ers1/Baleares_ATSR_NA_Orbit_4268_19920509.htm ATSR: ApplicationsNimbus(CZCS(The$color$of$the$world's$ocean$is$determined$primarily$by$the$abundance$of$phytoplankton$and$their$associated$photosynthe3c$pigments.$As$the$concentra3on$of$phytoplankton$pigments$increases,$ocean$color$shi^s$from$blue$to$green.$Ocean$color$may$thus$be$used$to$derive$es3mates$of$plankton$abundance$and$primary$produc3vity.$Nimbus(CZCS(Combined(with(AVHRR(Vegeta;on(Index(Gulf$Stream$boundary$Warm$Eddy$Cold$Eddy$Nimbus(CZCS(and(Ocean(Circula;on(Important$seasonal$changes$are$evident$in$CZCS$data.$Here,$monsoonal$varia3ons$in$the$Indian$Ocean$give$rise$to$seasonal$changes$in$phytoplankton$concentra3ons.$Following$a$period$of$pre‐monsoon$calm$(May‐June,$composite,$le^),$strong$summer$southwesterly$monsoon$winds$generate$upwelling$of$nutrient‐rich$waters,$leading$to$the$development$of$bloom$condi3ons$(September‐October$composite,$right).$Nimbus(CZCS(and(Monsoon(Effects(3
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