Lecture 13Outline of Last Lecture I. Pellow & Park and Barboza readings discussedOutline of Current Lecture II. Spatialities of MigrationCurrent LectureSocial construction of nature: - The world as we know it has been shaped by long histories of interactions involving humans and other creatures- We are social beings meaning we cant speak of nature outside of sets of relationships- Our definitions of nature are shaped by relations of power and cultureEx: Zoos: They tell culturally-shaped stories about Nature- They reflect human efforts to draw boundaries between nature and culture and between humans and animals.- Nature gets defined in different ways/times at the zoo.- *episteme: ways of thinking about the world that come to dominate in a particular period1. 1878-1930: Building a “collection” at the zooa. WWI, colonization, industrial revolution, height of Europeb. Feeling of superiority from the Europeansc. People were displayed as well2. 1930-1963: Zoo as a circus- animals were traineda. Great Depressionb. Human imagination is shifting3. 1963-1982: Modernizing the zooa. Bunche and Royce example giveni. They have different styles b. Science and medicine-drugs are introduced to zoosc. Antibiotics are given to animals so they can be displayed and exposed on landd. Tranquilizers so animals won’t be dangerous4. 1983-now: The biobank and nature’s recoverya. conservation scientistsb. captive breeding: Help keep endangered animals alive and this gives back to naturec. There are animal care centersd. There are no animals in cages because that is not conservationale. We don’t see electrified barriers or nets keeping the animals enclosed GEOG 3 1st EditionMark Spence: Wilderness- Yellowstone National Park- Nature being protected from certain kind of people (Native Americans)o People thought they were a flaw and therefore needed to be removedo They frightened tourists and were seen as wild and uncivilizedo Also called “interlopers” because they supposedly take advantage- We come to take for granted as wilderness and nature was produced through a set of relationships where one group of people who was using land in certain ways was pushed out so that another group can come in and use land in another way.- Ward vs. Race Horse (1896)- Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896): separate but equal- Fort-Bridger Treaty: Native Americans shall have the right to hunt upon unoccupied lands of U.S. o Voided because Wyoming came up with other lawso Ex: Access to libraries at UCLA- What if you were told you could have access to all the libraries if you came to UCLA and once you were actually here you were restricted from them? How would you feel? BROKEN PROMISES.Question: Who’s being preserved? Excluded? Included? Who are we protecting nature from? For?- Fortress conservation and spatial enclavingo Creating preservation with military forceo Set aside certain areas for different purposes- Relational approach to natureo Approaching it as something that comes to be known relationallyAnna Tsing: - Swidders: cleared portions of forest used for planting- Gap: unfilled space or intervalo Zones of erasures and incomprehensibility - Conceptual spaces and real places into which powerful demarcations do not travel well- Meratus landscape falls into conceptual gaps between categories that developers and conservationists use to understand