Scientific PapersNew model for lab reportsAnnouncementsClass Book Debate – Tuesday night, 7:30 PM, C-106 HolmesMicrosoft OfficeMSU Computer StoreOffice 2003 PRO WIN, MEDIA &LICENSE, ACADEMIC STUDENT SELECT$60.00Lab ReportsLab Reports are similar to what scientists publish in research journalsFollow format of scientific papersKey PartsIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionTables and FiguresLiterature CitedAbstractIntroductionDescription of the general question and backgroundDescription of current project’s scope and general methodsHypothesis / hypotheses and predictionsHypothesisPlural is hypothesesTested and supported, not proved!I tested the hypothesis that smaller computer monitors are harder to use.I tested the hypothesis that smaller computer monitors are harder to use by comparing readability tests on a 15 inch and 17 inch monitor.Null HypothesisStates that there is no difference (between observed and expected, if there had been no effect)H0: "There will be no difference in readability between 15" and 17" monitors."H0: "There will be no relationship between processor speed and startup time, indicated by a line with a slope of 0."DO NOT INCLUDE NULL HYPOTHESIS IN PAPERHypothesis TestingStatistical Tests are how scientists decide if data support their hypothesis(NOT PROVE their hypothesis)Four major statistical tests: T-test, X2 Test, Regression, ANOVAHypothesisProcessor speed has an effect on the performance of the computer.Null HypothesisH0: Processor speed has NO EFFECT on the performance of a computer.Hypothesis TestingHypothesis testing is using statistical values to determine whether the Null Hypothesis is correctCommon Statistical Tests for Hypotheses: t-Test, ANOVA, Regression, X2 (Chi – Square)Statistical Tests and ProbabilityStatistical tests give a valueThat value can be related to a probabilityProbability is likelihood that NULL hypothesis is correct given the data you haveIf P < 0.05 (1/20), then you conclude NULL hypothesis is FALSET-TestCompares differences between two meansFormula: T = (x1-x2)/SEMSEM is Standard Error of Mean [SD/(N-1)]T Values: Difference between mean in comparison to the amount of spread in your dataT-ValuesIf T > 2.5 or 3.0, difference is usually significant (this depends on your sample sizes)Hypotheses for current studyWhat were we testing?How did certain characteristics affect computer performance.Use of Testst-Test: Comparing two meansANOVA: Comparing multiple meansRegression: Looking for a slope in lineChi-Square: Looking at distribution patternsHypothesesThe startup speed of a computer is determined by processor speed.The startup speed of a computer is determined by the amount of RAM.The stability of a computer is affected by its operating system.MethodsExplain what steps were taken in collecting data and whyUse past tenseUse active voice“I entered data into a form,” not “The data were entered into a form.”ResultsPresent general trends without comment, bias or interpretationPresent all relevant results, even those that do not support the hypothesesIf statistics are used, report statistical value and probability in parenthesesRefer to tables and figures“Startup speed decreased as processors speed increased (Figure 1).“Most computer used a version of Windows (Table 1).DiscussionDiscuss the results and whether they support the hypothesesDiscuss relevance to work by othersAvoid redundancy with resultsEnd with a summary of the significance of your work – a conclusion paragraphTables and FiguresEach table and figure has a name, e.g. Table 1, Table 2, … and Figure 1, Figure 2, …Tables are data tablesFigures are graph, maps, photos, drawings, etc.Can be pasted into MS Word document from ExcelEach should have a Caption, e.g. a description of what the table or figure representsCaptionsCaptions are descriptions of the table or figure, include details necessary to understand the itemTables: Caption aboveFigures: Caption belowExampleLiterature CitedProvide details of any citations in paperFormat varies from field to field and journal to journalOnly list resources cited in paper, not general referencesFollow format in Guidelines for Writing Scientific Papers used in LBS 158HAbstractFirst page of paper after title pageSummary of entire paper, starting with introduction and going to discussion.Includes:Purpose of StudyBrief statement of methodsBrief statement of resultsBrief statement of discussion and conclusionTitle PageTitle of projectYour nameCourse numberDatePutting it all togetherTitle PageAbstract PageBody: Introduction – Methods – Results – DiscussionTables and figures can be embedded or at end of bodyLiterature Cited starts on new pageScientific Paper AssignmentDue next Friday (February 27)Scientific PapersNew model for lab reportsAnnouncements Class Book Debate – Tuesday night, 7:30 PM, C-106 HolmesMicrosoft Office MSU Computer Store Office 2003 PRO WIN, MEDIA &LICENSE, ACADEMIC STUDENT SELECT $60.00Lab Reports Lab Reports are similar to what scientists publish in research journals Follow format of scientific papersKey Parts Introduction Methods Results Discussion Tables and Figures Literature Cited AbstractIntroduction Description of the general question and background Description of current project’s scope and general methods Hypothesis / hypotheses and predictionsHypothesis Plural is hypotheses Tested and supported, not proved! I tested the hypothesis that smaller computer monitors are harder to use.  I tested the hypothesis that smaller computer monitors are harder to use by comparing readability tests on a 15 inch and 17 inch monitor.Null Hypothesis States that there is no difference (between observed and expected, if there had been no effect) H0: "There will be no difference in readability between 15" and 17" monitors." H0: "There will be no relationship between processor speed and startup time, indicated by a line with a slope of 0." DO NOT INCLUDE NULL HYPOTHESIS IN PAPERHypothesis Testing Statistical Tests are how scientists decide if data support their hypothesis  (NOT PROVE their hypothesis) Four major statistical tests: T-test, X2 Test, Regression, ANOVAHypothesis Processor speed has an effect on the performance of the computer. Null Hypothesis H0: Processor speed has NO EFFECT on the performance of a computer.Hypothesis Testing Hypothesis testing is using statistical values to determine whether the Null