BIOL 1050 Lecture 9Outline of Last LectureI. ProteinsII. Micronutrientsa. Vitaminsb. MineralsOutline of Current LectureI. DNAII. DNA StructureIII. DNA BasesIV. Copying DNAV. DNA and Traits and RNACurrent LectureI. DNAa. DNAi. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid1. Deoxy means lacking an oxygen2. Ribo is sugarII. DNA Structurei. DNA double helix is made of two strandsii. DNA structure: James Watson and Frances Crickiii. DNA molecule is a chain of nucleotides with 3 main components1. Sugara. Pair in each “rung”2. Phosphate groupa. Back bone of DNA, no genetic info3. Nitrogen containing basea. Back bone of DNA, no genetic infoiv. “Handrails” made of sugars and phosphatesv. “Rungs” made of nitrogenous bases vi. 2 anti parallel strands of nucleotides in DNAvii. 1 DNA molecule in a chromosome (23 pairs)viii. Red blood cells do not have DNA1. Also no DNA in hair, only in rootsIII. DNA BasesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. Every nucleotide is identical, except for its base1. The base is one of 4 kinds a. Adenine (A)b. Guanine (G)c. Cytosine (C)d. Thymine (T)2. A always pairs with Ta. 2 hydrogen bonds3. G always pairs with Ca. 3 hydrogen bondsii. Hydrogen bonds hold anti parallel strands in DNA molecules togetheriii. Can predict the order of bases on other strandiv. DNA molecule sequence is written from 5 prime to 3 prime1. 5’ATGCATAG3’2. 3’TACGTATC5’IV. Copying DNAi. Steps for Copying DNA1. Called semiconservative DNA replicationa. DNA molecule split in halfb. New nucleotides added to each side of the original moleculec. Enzymes called DNA polymerases link nucleotides togetherd. Result=2 daughter DNA molecules identical to original DNAV. DNA and Traits and RNAi. DNA determines our traits by determining our makeup of proteins1. 2 stagesa. Transcription (in nucleus)b. Translation (in cytoplasm)ii. DNA provides the instructions for building virtually every organism on earthiii. Transcription: process that uses the instructions in DNA to make RNA1. RNA helps pass information from DNA to ribosomes (where protein is made)2. In RNA there is no T, replaced by U or Uracil3. When copying RNA it depends on which strand of DNAa. Ex. i. DNA> CGTAGACAAGTG GCATCTGTTCACRNA> GCAUCUGUUCACiv. RNA stands for Ribonucleic acid1. Has an oxygen that DNA does notv. RNA is formed 1 nucleotide at a time from DNAvi. Bones of RNA are complimentary to DNA strand just like 1 DNA strand is complimentary to its other
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