1Life comes together by EMERGENT PROPERTIES, which are new properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. The highest organization starts at the BIOSPHERE, consisting of all the environments on earth that support life, going down the hierarchy of life the ECOSYSTEM is the next stop, ecosystems consist of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as the nonliving. Within ecosystems are COMMUNITIES, the entire array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. Below community organization emerges POPULATIONS which consists of all the individuals of a species living in a specific area. Those populations are made up of ORGANISMS, an individual living thing. 2Continuing down the hierarchy of life are the ORGANS, and ORGAN SYSTEMS, an Organ is a structure consisting of several tissues adapted as a group to perform specific functions, when different organs come together they make an Organ System, which are a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. When we break down organs into components we get TISSUES, having a specific function and made up of a group of similar cells. CELLS are the most basic units of living matter separated from its environment by a plasma membrane. What are cells made of? When breaking a cell down to its components we get ORGANELLES, which are membrane bounded structures that performs a specific function in a cell. The last properties of the life’s hierarchy are MOLECULES that are made from cluster of atoms bound together by chemical bonds. ATOMS are a small unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. 3Organism interact with both the living and nonliving components of their environment. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are the PRODUCERS that provide the food for a typical ecosystem. The CONSUMERS of the ecosystem eat plants and other animals, consumer wastes return other chemicals to the environment. DECOMPOSERS act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler mineral nutrients that plants can use. During each transformation heat may be lost.4Cells are the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY- is to construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems, ranging from the functioning of the biosphere to the complex molecular machinery of a cell. A PROKARYOTIC CELL is much simpler and usually much smaller than a eukaryotic cell. EUKARYOTIC CELLS is subdivided by internal membranes into many different functional compartments, or organelles, including the nucleus that houses the cell’s DNA. 5Properties that are common to all organisms.ORDER- all living things exhibit complex organizationREGULATION- The environment outside an organism may change markedly, but mechanics maintain an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT- Inherited information carried by genes controls the pattern of growth and development of organisms. 6ENERGY PROCESSING Organisms take in energy and transform it to perform all of life’s activities.RESPONSE TO THE ENVIRONMENT All organism respond to environmental stimuli.REPRODUCTION- Organisms reproduce their own kind.EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTION Adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environment pass them to offspring. 7Domains BACTERIA and ARCHEA consist of prokaryotic cells. The third domain, EUKARYA consists of eukaryotic cells, this domain is subdivided into four kingdoms, which are KINGDOM PROTISTS- single celled organisms living in moist or aquatic environments. The three other kingdoms are multicellular and classified mainly on their modes of nutrition, KINGDOM PLANTAE are mainly plants that perform photosynthesis to make their food. KINGDOM FUNGI- are decomposers, which break down the remainders of dead organisms and organic wastes then absorb the nutrients into their cells. KINGDOM ANIMALIA- are consumers that get their nutrients from eating other animals and plants. 81.)Individual variation- Individuals in a population vary in many heritable traits.2.)Overproduction of offspring- A population of any species has the potential to produce far more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of their own.3.)Unequal reproductive success- From these two observations, Darwin inferred that individuals are unequal in their likelihood of surviving and reproducing. Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment will leave the greatest number of healthy, fertile offspring.4.) Over time, favorable traits accumulate in a population- Over many generations, a higher and higher proportions of individuals will have the advantageous traits.9Charles Darwin presented evidence to support the idea of EVOLUTION- that species living today are descendants of ancestral species, Darwin called in “descent with modification”. Darwin’s second contribution was a mechanism for evolution, he called it NATURAL SELECTION, which was deduced by 2 observations and 2 inferences. 10Discovery science: Is mainly about describing nature. Will lead to Inductive reasoning.Inductive Reasoning- conclusions based on some type of logic, which derives general principles from a large number of specific observations.Hypothesis-based science: Seeks natural causes and explanations for those observations, by proposing a hypothesis.