Computers Are Your FutureSlide 2Tomorrow’s Hardware: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, ConnectedMoore’s Law & Metcalfe’s LawThe Short TermComputers EverywhereSlide 7Virtual RealitySlide 9Slide 10Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine?Defining IntelligenceSlide 13The Turing TestNeural NetworksPattern RecognitionIntelligent AgentsMachine TranslationGenetic AlgorithmsStrong Artificial IntelligenceRobotsSlide 22Computers Are Your Future© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 2Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers Are Your FutureSpotlight 8Emerging Technologies© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 3Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Tomorrow’s Hardware:Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, ConnectedNanotechnologyThe art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devicesBiochipLike a computer chip that processes biological instructions© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 4Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Moore’s Law & Metcalfe’s LawMoore’s LawMicroprocessors and miniature circuitry will double in circuit density every 18 to 24 monthsMetcalfe’s LawThe value of a computer network grows in proportion to the square of the number of people connected to it© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 5Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8The Short TermThe Typical Personal Computer: 1999 and 2007Short Term PredictionComponent 1999 2007RAM 64 MB 2 GBProcessor Speed (instructions per second)400 million 14 billionCircuit Density (number of transistors) 7.5 million 250 millionHard Disk Capacity 8 GB 270 GBAverage Internet Connection Speed 56,000 bps 2 million bps© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 6Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers EverywhereAutomated Highway Systems (AHS)Information is passed between vehicles and highways to prevent collisionDigital ForensicsComputers used to fight cybercrime and computer crime© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 7Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers EverywhereBiological Feedback DevicesTranslate eye movements, body movements, and brain waves into computer inputVirtual RealityImmersive 3D environments that are computer generated© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 8Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Virtual RealityUsers can use helmets and sensor-equipped gloves to experience VR© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 9Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Virtual RealityCave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)Projects stereoscopic images onto walls to create a virtual environmentVirtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)Creates virtual environments online© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 10Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers EverywhereChemical DetectorsComputers used to detect traces of explosivesTactile DisplaysHaptics – sense of touchTactile displays simulate skin to generate a sensation of contact© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 11Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligenceIt has only been partially successful due to the obstacles encounteredPrograms cannot function intelligently outside the context for which they are designedArtificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 12Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Defining IntelligenceNo clear consensus on what intelligence really isIntelligence involves some or all of the following abilities: Learn and retain the learned knowledge Reason on the basis of this knowledge Adapt to new circumstances Plan (develop strategies) Communicate Recognize patterns© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 13Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Defining IntelligenceCompared to the human brain, computers accept smaller amounts of input and have poorer pattern recognition skills, but calculate and output faster than humans© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 14Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8The Turing TestBritish computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges cannot tell the difference between computer-generated and human outputMany believe the test is too simplisticProgrammers have created programs to trick the judges© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 15Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Neural NetworksComputers that mimic the structure of the human brainComputers composed of hundreds of thousands of tiny, interconnected processors© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 16Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Pattern RecognitionUsing a digital camera, pattern recognition software processes what is being seen and then draws connections between the patterns perceived and patterns stored in a databaseUsed to recognize suspicious movement in buildings© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 17Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Intelligent AgentsAgents are automatic programs that help the userThe programs communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistanceMicrosoft’s Office Assistant is an example© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 18Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Machine TranslationMachine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automaticallyResolving ambiguities is problematicOne program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 19Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by developing laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs surviveBased on biology’s evolutionary theories that organisms try to surviveAlgorithms are placed in a computer environment and allowed to mutate; one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 20Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Strong Artificial IntelligenceArea of research based on the conviction that computers will achieve artificial intelligence equal to that of humansCYC - to create a computer that knows as much as a 12 year oldCOG - insect-like humanoid robotKismet – sociable humanoid robot that can learn and interact with humans© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 21Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8RobotsA robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasksJapanese-made Partner-type Personal Robot
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