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Computers Are Your FutureSlide 2Tomorrow’s Hardware: Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, ConnectedMoore’s Law & Metcalfe’s LawThe Short TermComputers EverywhereSlide 7Virtual RealitySlide 9Slide 10Artificial Intelligence: Toward the Smart Machine?Defining IntelligenceSlide 13The Turing TestNeural NetworksPattern RecognitionIntelligent AgentsMachine TranslationGenetic AlgorithmsStrong Artificial IntelligenceRobotsSlide 22Computers Are Your Future© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc.© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 2Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers Are Your FutureSpotlight 8Emerging Technologies© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 3Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Tomorrow’s Hardware:Smaller, Faster, Cheaper, ConnectedNanotechnologyThe art of manipulating materials on an atomic or molecular scale especially to build microscopic devicesBiochipLike a computer chip that processes biological instructions© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 4Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Moore’s Law & Metcalfe’s LawMoore’s LawMicroprocessors and miniature circuitry will double in circuit density every 18 to 24 monthsMetcalfe’s LawThe value of a computer network grows in proportion to the square of the number of people connected to it© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 5Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8The Short TermThe Typical Personal Computer: 1999 and 2007Short Term PredictionComponent 1999 2007RAM 64 MB 2 GBProcessor Speed (instructions per second)400 million 14 billionCircuit Density (number of transistors) 7.5 million 250 millionHard Disk Capacity 8 GB 270 GBAverage Internet Connection Speed 56,000 bps 2 million bps© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 6Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers EverywhereAutomated Highway Systems (AHS)Information is passed between vehicles and highways to prevent collisionDigital ForensicsComputers used to fight cybercrime and computer crime© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 7Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers EverywhereBiological Feedback DevicesTranslate eye movements, body movements, and brain waves into computer inputVirtual RealityImmersive 3D environments that are computer generated© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 8Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Virtual RealityUsers can use helmets and sensor-equipped gloves to experience VR© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 9Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Virtual RealityCave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE)Projects stereoscopic images onto walls to create a virtual environmentVirtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML)Creates virtual environments online© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 10Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Computers EverywhereChemical DetectorsComputers used to detect traces of explosivesTactile DisplaysHaptics – sense of touchTactile displays simulate skin to generate a sensation of contact© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 11Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Artificial intelligence is the ability to endow computers with intelligenceIt has only been partially successful due to the obstacles encounteredPrograms cannot function intelligently outside the context for which they are designedArtificial Intelligence:Toward the Smart Machine?© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 12Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Defining IntelligenceNo clear consensus on what intelligence really isIntelligence involves some or all of the following abilities: Learn and retain the learned knowledge Reason on the basis of this knowledge Adapt to new circumstances Plan (develop strategies) Communicate Recognize patterns© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 13Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Defining IntelligenceCompared to the human brain, computers accept smaller amounts of input and have poorer pattern recognition skills, but calculate and output faster than humans© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 14Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8The Turing TestBritish computer scientist Alan Turing propositioned that a computer is intelligent if a group of unbiased judges cannot tell the difference between computer-generated and human outputMany believe the test is too simplisticProgrammers have created programs to trick the judges© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 15Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Neural NetworksComputers that mimic the structure of the human brainComputers composed of hundreds of thousands of tiny, interconnected processors© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 16Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Pattern RecognitionUsing a digital camera, pattern recognition software processes what is being seen and then draws connections between the patterns perceived and patterns stored in a databaseUsed to recognize suspicious movement in buildings© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 17Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Intelligent AgentsAgents are automatic programs that help the userThe programs communicate with the user, understand their needs, and offer assistanceMicrosoft’s Office Assistant is an example© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 18Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Machine TranslationMachine translation is using computers to translate foreign text automaticallyResolving ambiguities is problematicOne program can translate 300,000 words per hour but results contain many errors© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 19Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Genetic AlgorithmsGenetic algorithms involve creating artificial intelligence by developing laboratory conditions in which the most intelligent programs surviveBased on biology’s evolutionary theories that organisms try to surviveAlgorithms are placed in a computer environment and allowed to mutate; one algorithm emerges as the best at tackling the problem© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 20Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8Strong Artificial IntelligenceArea of research based on the conviction that computers will achieve artificial intelligence equal to that of humansCYC - to create a computer that knows as much as a 12 year oldCOG - insect-like humanoid robotKismet – sociable humanoid robot that can learn and interact with humans© 2006 Prentice-Hall, Inc Slide 21Computers Are Your Future Spotlight 8RobotsA robot is a computer-based device programmed to perform motions that can accomplish useful tasksJapanese-made Partner-type Personal Robot


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WPU CS 2010 - Emerging Technologies

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