Take Home Quiz on Tense and AspectLinguistics 7430Due in class on Tuesday, November 27, 2007Directions. Two to three sentences will suffice to answer each of these questions (youmay write your answers directly into this document).1. Basic questions. Pick either A or B to answer. A. Type shifters vs. type selectors. Use the concepts Aktionsart, tense andgrammatical aspect to explain the difference between the imperfectiveending in a Romance language of your choice and the English progressiveconstruction. Now use the distinction that you’ve just developed to explainwhy we translate the French imperfective sentence Elle avait de l’argent (orits equivalent in another Romance language) as She had money and not *Shewas having money. B. The event-state distinction. Describe the difference between (1) tense andaspect and (2) events and states by using the ‘pancake and plate’ analogy.Remember that the plate equals reference time.2. Two questions about modals. Pick either A or B to answer. A. Aspectual sensitivity in modals. Briefly explain which reading the modalverb is most likely to have in (a-d), deontic (obligation) or epistemic(conclusion from evidence). If either reading is equally likely, note this. Makean aspectual generalization about when a deontic reading is preferred over anepistemic one, and vice versa.a) You must turn in your time sheet.b) You must live up in the mountains.c) You must have been up in the mountains.d) You must park across the street.B. Modals and reference time. Outside of context, the following sentence isambiguous with regard to the time denoted by by then: The paramedics mighthave been there by then. Explain the two readings using Reichenbach E and Rpoints, inventing contexts as you see fit. Assume that the modal might is pasttense. Is one of the two readings more compositional than the other, in termsof the meanings of the past-tense modal and the perfect infinitive?3. Aktionsart selection. For each of the following examples, briefly explain thesemantic interaction between the indicated grammatical construction and the verb’sAktionsart representation. Answering this question requires you to talk aboutsemantic shifts that affect verbs’ Aktionsart representations. These shifts include:addition of a component of temporal (or causal) representation, selection of acomponent and iteration. Keep in mind that states before, during and after transitionsare ‘selectable’. a) Resultative: Your soup is cooled.b) Progressive: The light is flashing.c) Punctual adverbial: I liked her instantly. d) Present tense: She visits often.4. Relative tense. Explain why the examples in (a-b) support Declerck’s (1990) claimthat the English past and present tenses have relative readings in addition to theirabsolute readings. How does stativity contribute to the relative readings here?A. On the other hand, there was Bill, who by then had announced that he wasrunning for Congress.B. And finally when the body bags start mounting, they'll claim they areinnocent and have been acting ethically and honestly all