Slide 1Grain Production in the World: StatisticsU.S. Crop StandardsPost Harvest Losses (PHL)% Post Harvest Losses (PHL)Reasons for PHL in the storagebut, Why Store?Who Stores?Quality characteristics of stored grainQuality characteristics of stored grainsPurpose of a Storage FacilityWhat is required of a good storage systemGood Management PracticesOn Farm vs. Off Farm StorageOn Farm Storage: Cylindrical Metal/Wooden binsCommercial Grain Storage: Bucket elevatorsCommercial Grain Storage: Bucket ElevatorsCommercial Storage: Large Metal binsCommercial storage: Large bins, SilosIndiaIndia: Post Harvest Handling of GrainsTraditional Underground StorageTraditional Above ground storage structuresTraditional Above ground storageOn Farm Grain StorageBulk Storage of GrainsTraditional Bag Storage (Indonesia)Granary (Laos)Concrete Bin (Bhutan)Wednesday Lab Work! Due March 19th, 2012BAE 2023 Lecture 18 March 5, 2012Jasreen K SekhonCultural practices in grain storageGrain Production in the World: Statistics RankBarley (000’MT) Maize (000’MT) Rice (000’MT) Wheat (000’MT)1 France 10102 USA 316165 China 197212China1151802Australia 7294 China 177540 India 120620India807103Ukraine 8484 Brazil 56060 Indonesia 66411USA601024USA 3924 Argentina 22676 Bangladesh 49355France382075Germany 10412 Indonesia 18364 Vietnam 39988Russian Federation415076Morocco 2566 Mexico 23301 Myanmar 33204Pakistan233107UK5252 India 14060 Thailand 31597Canada231668China 2520South Africa12815 Philippines 15771Australia221389Argentina 2983 France 13975 Brazil 11308Turkey1966010Turkey 7240 Nigeria 7305 USA 11027Argentina14914http://www.agrostats.com/world-statistic/world-production-statistics.htmlU.S. Crop StandardsStandard weightStandard moistureStandard priceWheat60 lb (27.2 kg) per bushel13.5% $/buBarley48 lb (21.8 kg) per bushel14.5% $/buOats32 lb (14.5 kg) per bushel14.0% $/buFlaxseed56 lb (25.4 kg) per bushel8.0% $/buCorn56 lb (25.4 kg) per bushel15.5% $/buSorghum56 lb (25.4 kg) per bushel14.0% $/cwtSoybeans60 lb (27.2 kg) per bushel14.0% $/bu3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials3Holland, T. 2011. Overview of Sample Surveys for Forecasting & Estimating U.S. Crops. Regional Workshop on Sampling for Agricultural Surveys, Uruguay.Post Harvest Losses (PHL) 3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials4Harvest (1-3%) Pre-dryingThreshing/Shelling (2-6% Loss)Pre-cleaningDrying (1-5%)Cleaning/SortingMarketingStorage (2-6 % Loss)Processing (6.25-18% Loss)% Post Harvest Losses (PHL) 3/5/20125Gustavsson, J., C. Cederberg, R. V. Otterdijik, and A. Meybeck. 2011. Global food losses and food waste-extent, causes and prevention. FAO of United Nations. Rome According to the FAO, about 30 million metric tons of corn, 20 million metric tons of wheat, and nearly 3 million metric tons of soybeans – with an aggregate value estimated at more than US$14 billion – went to waste> worldwide in 2007Reasons for PHL in the storage3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials61. Poor product coming into storage2. Poor storage structures3. Poor storage managementbut, Why Store?3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials7Even out fluctuations in market supply, from one season to the next and from one year to the next, by taking produce off the market in surplus seasons, and releasing it back onto the market in lean seasonsWho Stores?3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials8FarmersFuture consumptionSeed Future cashTradersGovernmentFood security reservePrice stabilization stockNational storage reservesQuality characteristics of stored grain3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials9The condition of stored grain is determined by a complex interaction between (Lacey, 1988):GrainMacro-environmentMicro-environment, and Variety of organisms- microorganisms, insects, mites, rodents and birdsQuality characteristics of stored grains3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials10Intrinsic ColorCompositionBulk densityAroma/Odor Size/shape Induced qualityAgeBroken grainChalky or immature Foreign matterInfested, infected grainMixed varietiesMoisture contentPurpose of a Storage Facility3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials11The purpose of any grain storage facility is to prevent grain quality loss from weather, wind and moisture; rodents, birds and insects, and microorganismsWhat is required of a good storage system3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials12Prevention of moisture re-entering the grain after dryingMaintenance of temperature and humidity by aerationBarrier to insects, rodents and birdsGood Sanitation practicesEase of loading and unloading Efficient use of space and ease of maintenance and management Monitoring!Good Management Practices3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials13Pre-harvest PracticesSanitation: bin and handling equipment preparation; bin treatmentsGrain treatment: protectants (Melathion, Chlorpyrifos- methyl)Surface dressing (Melathion, Reldan, Bacillus thuringiensis)Fumigation (Phosphine)Post-harvest OperationsMonitoringAerationOn Farm vs. Off Farm Storage3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials14Fixed Cost: cost of owning the facilityVariable Cost: cost incurred during grain storage Most often On-farm storage is not preferredOn Farm Storage: Cylindrical Metal/Wooden bins15Flat floor bins: non-aerated with flat concrete or metal floorsFalse-floor bins: rounded metal structure typically with a ground-level floor made of concrete and a metal, fully perforated floor located 12” above the concrete floor to allow air movement through the grain mass. Drying bins are false-floor binsHopper bottom bins equipped for aerationCommercial Grain Storage: Bucket elevators3/5/2012161842 Wooden Bucket elevators (Steam boilers)Wood readily availablebut, Fire Hazard1897 Steal & Concrete Bucket elevators (Electric)Commercial Grain Storage: Bucket Elevators3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological Materials17Enid Terminal Grain Elevators Historic District (1925-1959) OklahomaLargest grain storage capacity (80,000,00 Bu) in the US, and third largest in the WorldCommercial Storage: Large Metal bins3/5/2012BAE 2023 Physical Properties of Biological
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