Programming in Python VI:Working with FilesComputer Science 105Boston UniversityFall 2014David G. Sullivan, Ph.D.Escape Sequences• Recall: we can surround strings by either single or double quotes.• doing so allows us to embed quotes within a string'Homer said, """"Doh!""""'• We can also embed a double or single quote by preceding it with a \ character.""""Homer said, \\\\""""Doh!\\\\""""""""• \" is known as an escape sequence.• The \ tells the compiler to interpret the following character differently than it ordinarily would.• Other examples:\n a newline character (go to the next line)\t a tab\\ a backslash!Text Files• A text file can be thought of as a multi-line string.• example: the following four-line text file# simple.pyprint(2 + 3)print(10 – 7)is equivalent to the following string:"# simple.py\\\\nnnn\\\\nnnnprint(2 + 3)\\\\nnnnprint(10 – 7)\\\\nnnn"Opening a Text File• Before we can read from or write to a text file, we need to open a connection to the file.• Doing so creates an object known as a file handle.• we use the file handle to perform operations on the file• Syntax:<file-handle> = open(<filename>, <mode>)where <file-handle> is a variable for the file handle<filename> is a string<mode> is:'r' if we want to read from the file'w' if we want to write to the file, (erasing any existing contents)'a' if we want to append to the end of the fileSpecifying Filenames• When specifying the name of a file, we'll just give the name of the file itself.• example: "myData.txt"• we won't specify the directory• Python will open/create the file in the same directoryin which the module file is stored.• the rules are a bit more complicated when you'reusing the interpreter from the command promptClosing a File• Here's an example of opening a file for writing:outfile = open("example.txt", 'w')• When we're done reading from or writing to a file, we need to close its handle:outfile.close()• Important: Text that you write to file may not make it to disk until you close the file handle!Writing to a File• When you open a file for writing:• if the file doesn't already exist, it will be created• if the file does exist and you specify the 'w' mode, the current contents will be erased!• if the file does exist and you specify the 'a' mode, the text you write will be appended to the end of the file• To write values to a file, we can use the print()method as usual, but with an extra parameter for the file:print(…, file=<file-handle>)• Example:outfile = open("foo.txt", 'w')print("I love Python!", file=outfile)Example: Writing Database Results to a File• Recall our program for getting all movies from a given year:import sqlite3filename = input("name of database file: ")db = sqlite3.connect(filename)cursor = db.cursor()searchYear = input("year to search for? ")command = '''SELECT name, rating FROM Movie WHERE year = ?;'''cursor.execute(command, [searchYear])for tuple in cursor:print(tuple[0], tuple[1])db.commit()db.close()• Let's modify it so that it writes the results to a file.Reading from a File• When you open a file for reading, the file must already exist,or you'll get an error:>>> infile = open("noexist.txt", 'r')…IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory• To read one line at line at a time, we can use the readline() function.• Syntax:<variable> = <file-handle>.readline()example: line = infile.readline()• This function returns a string containing the next line in thefile – up to and including the next newline character ('\n').Reading from a File (cont.)• Example: assume that we have our earlier four-line text file:# simple.pyprint(2 + 3)print(10 – 7)• here's one possible set of operations on that file:>>> infile = open("simple.py", 'r')>>> line = infile.readline()>>> line'# simple.py\n'>>> infile.readline()'\n'>>> line = infile.readline()>>> line'print(2 + 3)\n'Closing and Reopening a File• If we've been reading from a file and want to start over againfrom the beginning of the file, we need to close the file and reopen it again.• example:>> infile = open("simple.py", 'r')>> infile.readline()'# simple.py\n'>> infile.readline()'\n'>> infile.close()>> infile = open("simple.py", 'r')>> infile.readline()'# simple.py\n'Processing a File Using a for Loop• We often want to read and process each line in a file.• Because we don't usually know how many lines there are in the file, we use a for loop.• Syntax:for line in <file-handle>:# code to process line goes here• reads one line at a time and assigns it to lineExample of Processing a File• Let's say that we want a program to print a text file tothe screen, omitting all blank lines.• Here's one possible implementation:filename = input("name of file: ")infile = open(filename, 'r')for line in infile:if line != "\n":print(line[:-1])infile.close()• Why do we need to use slicing? (line[:-1])• How could we change it so that it omits full-line commentsinstead (i.e., lines that begin with a #)?Extracting Relevant Data from a File• High-school and college track teams often participate in meetsinvolving a large number of schools.• Assume that the results of a meet are summarized in acomma-delimited text file that looks like this:Mike Mercury,Boston University,mile,4:50:00Steve Slug,Boston College,mile,7:30:00Len Lightning,Boston University,half-mile,2:15:00Tom Turtle,UMass,half-mile,4:00:00• Let's write a program that reads in a results file and extracts just the results for a particular school – with the name of the school omitted from the records.• write the results to a fileExtracting Relevant Data from a