CC 302/CTI 310: Midterm 1 Short Answer Questions● Name three geographic factors that helped Italy to prosper? What role did the Straits of Messina play?● In what region of Italy is Rome located?● What period and geographic location does the term “Villanovan” refer to? Name 2 features of Villanovan settlements.● Why was iron preferable to bronze for the production of tools and weapons?● When, approximately, did city-states first appear in Italy?● How was the space of the city organized? (where did elites live? Where was the cemetery?● Name 3 ways that elites distinguished themselves from others● What sorts of evidence do we have for reconstructing the history of Italy before the Romans? Why is archaeological evidence problematic?● What part of Rome was first settled? Where was the forum built?● Why do archaeologists tend to associate early Roman monuments with famous people like Romulus?● What evidence do we have for the original hut settlements in Rome?● What is the cave of the Lupercale? What problem in archaeology does this highlight?● Why did Aeneas and his men leave Troy?● How was Aeneas received by the native Latins in Larentum? What are the two versions that Livy provides about the peace negotiation between Aeneas and Latinus. How does Latinus strengthen the peace treaty with Aeneas?● Why did Turnus start a war with Aeneas and the Latins? Who was Turnus’ ally? How did Turnus die?● How did ancient historians instruct their readers?● How did a Roman audience view the embellishment of historical events and actions?● Who were the Silvian kings? From whom did they descend?● Why did Amulius send his brother into exile? Why did he force Rhea Silvia to become a Vestal Virgin? Who (supposedly) impregnated Rhea Silvia?● What happened to Romulus and Remus immediately after their birth? Why didn’t they die? Who eventually found and raised them?● Explain how Romulus and Remus were descended from Aeneas.● How was Numitor eventually re-established as the King of Alba Longa?● How did Romulus and Remus decide who would be the king of their new city? What is this process called? What was the outcome? Why was it difficult to interpret?● Why did Romulus murder Remus?● When was Rome founded and who gives us this date?● What was the pomerium? What was its function?● To what divinity did Romulus sacrifice oxen? Why?● Name three features of early Rome that seem to be Etruscan in their origin.● Who created the first Roman senate? What were these senators called? What role did they have in Romulus’ reign?● Who lived in Romulus’ new city? Where did the people come from?● Describe Romulus’ efforts to find wives for his male citizens. What did he eventually do? What was ethically questionable about this? List two moral laws he broke and describe one possible justification for his actions.● What did Romulus say to the women to persuade them to be happy in Rome? How did their fathers respond to the loss of their wives and daughters? What was the eventual outcome?● Who was Tarpeia and why did she help the Sabines? How did the Sabines reward her for her help? What monument bears her name?● How did Romulus die, according to Livy? Why does Livy report more than one version of Romulus’ death?● Who saw a vision in the aftermath of Romulus’ death? What did he see? Significance of this vision?● How was Rome governed immediately after Romulus’ death? Why wasn’t his successor chosen immediately after his death?● What process was eventually adopted for choosing the next king? Was it truly democratic? Why or why not? How does the succession of kingship differ between Alba Longa and Rome?● Where was Numa Pompilius from? Any other kings from outside of Rome?● What did Numa do to signify bringing peace to Rome?● How does Tarquin the Proud become king? How was this different from the way previous men had become king of Rome?● Name three things Tarquin did to make him a tyrant. In what ways was Tarquin an effective ruler?● Who was Sextus Tarquin? Describe his interactions with the Gabii. How did Sextus interpret his father’s gesture of knocking heads off of poppies?● What was Brutus’s relationship to Tarquin the Proud? How did he behave around the Tarquins?● What prophecy did Brutus hear at Delphi? How did he respond? Describe how this prophecy was fulfilled. Why might Livy have included this story in his history (i.e. how does it legitimate Brutus?)● What motivated Sextus to return to Lucretia’s house alone? How did he get into Lucretia’s house? Why didn’t Lucretia let him kill her rather than rape her?● What promise did Lucretia extract from her father and Brutus before she killed herself. According to Lucretia, why did she have to commit suicide? What oath does Brutus swear after Lucretia’s suicide?● Give two justifications for Brutus’ use of Lucretia’s suicide to overthrow the monarchy.● Describe why Brutus’ use of Lucretia’s suicide to overthrow the monarchy was NOT justified and offer at least one alternative course of action he might have taken.● What was ethically questionable about Brutus' behavior in exiling the Tarquins (in terms of Gert's moral laws)? Was his behavior justified? Why?● What role did libertas play in the transition to a republic? What does libertas mean in Latin?● How closely connected were the cities in Latium in the late 6th/early 5th century? What common features did they have? Under what circumstances did they come together?● Did Livy think a monarchy or a republic was preferable? Why? According to Livy, who thought law was good for the poor, but bad for great men who are beyond mediocrity?● Why did Brutus add additional senators? What were they called? What political benefit might this addition of new senators have brought to Brutus?● What happened to Tarquinius Collatinus? Why?● What role did Brutus’ son play in the conspiracy of the young nobles? How did Brutus respond?● How did Tarquin respond to the failure of the conspiracy (Be specific!)! What did the Romans do with the Tarquins’ property?● How did Brutus himself die?Why were Romans suspicious that Valerius wanted to be king? How did he alleviate their suspicions? What punishment did Valerius create for those who conspired to restore monarchy? What nickname did Valerius earn for his efforts?● Who were the plebeians? How