Part 15 Fourth Generation LanguagesCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 2 5 Generations of Languages 1st Generation - Machine Language • zeroes and ones • wired panels • switches 2nd Generation - Symbolic Assembly Language - 1950's • op code mnemonics • symbolic addresses • 1-1 to machine language 3rd Generation - High-Level Languages - 1960's • ALGOL, FORTRAN, COBOL, PL/I, Pascal, Ada, C • procedural (how) • 1-many to machine language 4th Generation – High Productivity Languages - 1980's • some non-procedural aspects • screen-oriented tools • data base / data dictionary 5th Generation, - Artificial Intelligence Languages - 1990's • inference processing • encodes complex knowledge • rule base / inference engineCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 3 4GL Objectives • Speed up application building • Ease of maintenance • Minimize testing and debugging • Generate bug-free code from specification • User-friendly • End-user generated 4GL Goals • Order of magnitude less code • Order of magnitude less programming time • Based on the observed phenomenon that the number of lines of documented, delivered code produced per programmer per day is constant, regardless of the languageCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 4 4GL Classification (Martin) All languages possessing non-procedural aspects are 4GL's • some have very limited functionality e.g. Datatrieve, SQL (Martin) Full-function 4GL • builds anything that could be built in Cobol MANTIS, IDEAL, NATURAL, APPLICATION FACTORY, IEF, IEWCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 5 Tool Categories Programmer Tools (for 2 GLs and 3 GLs) User Tools (frequently standalone) Productivity Tools (4 GLs) A.I. Tools (5 GLs) CASE Tools (disposable source code)Copyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 6 Programmer Tools Assemblers (2 GL to speed up 1 GL development) Macros (originally a 2 GL feature, now used in 3 GLs) Compilers (originally a 3 GL necessity, now also used in 4 GLs) Editors Librarian JCL Debug Test Data Generator Comparators Performance Monitors Optimizers Code Profilers Exception Handling CheckersCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 7 User Tools Statistical Packages Spreadsheets Simulators Linguistic Analyzers Project Managers Databases Active Data Dictionaries Query By Example Drawing Desktop Publishing CAD/CAM • Packaged ApplicationsCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 8 Productivity Tools (4 GLs) Spreadsheet Compilers Database 4 GLs Context Sensitive Editors Source Code Control Make Facility Software Configuration Management Code Restructurers Rapid Prototypers Screen Simulators Re-engineering Full-screen Debuggers Integrated Query By Example Application Generators Report Generators Graphics Languages Decision Support Very High Level LanguagesCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 9 A. I. Tools (5 GLs) Expert System Shells Theorem Provers Natural Language Interpreters Speech Recognizers Speech Synthesizers Pattern Recognition Game Players Composers Robotics LanguagesCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 10 CASE Tools Enterprise Analysis Logical Process Analysis Logical Data Analysis Design Aids Normalizers Balancers Integrated Project Management Code Generators Code Analyzers Analytic Test Generators Metric Analyzers Reverse Engineering Repository Automated Documenters Capture Toolkits WorkbenchesCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 11 Language Generations (James Martin) 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 M a c h i n e C o d e A s s e m b l e r C o d e H i g h - l e v e l L a n g. 4 G L s Knowledge-based Systems Structured Techniques CAD Techniques A.I. Techniques O. O.Copyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 12 “Popular” 3 GL Programming Languages in 1987 Ada Algol APL BAL BASIC C C++ Cobol Coral Fortran GPSS Lisp Logo Modula Pascal Pilot PL/1 Prolog RPG Simscript Simula SmallTalk Snobol YACCCopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 13 Jean Sammet’s Collection of 3 GL Languages in 1969 A-2 A-3 ADAM AED AESOP AIMACO ALGY ALTRAN AMBIT AMTRAN Animated Movie APT B-0 BACAIC BASEBALL BUGSYS C-10 CLIP CLP COGENT COGO COLASL COLINGO COMIT Commercial Translator Computer Compiler Computer Design CORC CPS Culler-Fried DAS DATA-TEXT DEACON DIALOG DIAMAG DIMATE DOCUS DSL/90 DYANA DYNAMO DYSAC English 473L Query FACT FLAP FLOW-MATIC FORMAC FORTRANSIT FSL GAT GECOM GPL GRAF Graphic Language ICES IDS Information Algebra IPL-V IT JOSS JOVIAL Klere-May L6 Laning and Zierler LDT Lincoln Reckoner LOLITA LOTIS MAD MADCAP Magic Paper MAP MATHLAB MATH-MATIC Matrix Compiler META 5 MILITRAN MIRFAC NELIAC OCAL OMNITAB OPS PAT PENCIL PRINT Proposal Writing Protosynthex QUIKTRAN Short Code Simulating Digital Systems SOL Speedcoding SPRINT STRESS STROBES Symbolic Mathematical Laboratory TMG TRAC TRANDIR TREET UNCOL UNICODECopyright © 1971-2002 Thomas P. Sturm Fourth Generation Languages Part 15, Page 14 James Martin’s List of 4 GLs in 1986 ADS/OnLine by Cullinet Application Builder by James Martin Associates Application Factory by Cortex Datatrieve by Digital Equipment Corporation EASYTRIEVE by Pansophic Systems EXPRESS by Management Decision Systems FOCUS by Application Builders GENER/OL by Pansophic Systems IDEAL by Applied Data Research INFO by Henco INQUIRE by Infodata Systems INTELLECT by Artificial Intelligence Corporation LINC by Burroughs MANTIS by Cincom MAPPER 10 by Sperry (Unisys) MARK V by Informatics General MIMER by Uppsala Data Center NATURAL by Software AG NOMAD2 by D&B Computing Services Personal Data Query by Honeywell Information Systems RAMIS II by Mathematica Products Group SAS by SAS Institute SPSS by SPSS SYSTEM W by COMSHARE TELL-A-GRAF by Integrated Software Systems UFO by Oxford Software Umbrella System by Hogan Systems Universe by Computer Associates International USE-IT by