BureaucracyFederal BureaucracyOverviewRationalePowerPoint PresentationSlide 6Cabinet DepartmentsSlide 8Independent Executive AgenciesIndependent Regulatory AgencyGovernment CorporationsStaffingSlide 13Slide 14FunctionsSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Bureaucratic ReformBureaucracyFederal Bureaucracy•Largest part of the federal government•Fastest growing part of the federal government•Least subject to democratic controlOverview•Rationale For•Organization Of–Cabinet–Independent Executive Agencies–Independent Regulatory Agencies–Government Corporations•Staffing•ProceduresRationale•Promote more efficient distribution of government services•Look at basic bureaucratic structureNJCUCOE CASCPSArtsSciencesSocialNaturalAnthro Soc Poli Econ PsychIR TheoryAmer GovComparativeGovernmentRationale•Efficiency obtained through:–Hierarchy/Chain of Command–Specialization and Expertise–Impersonal Relations–Standard Operating ProceduresCabinet Departments•Cabinet Departments–15 Cabinet DepartmentsAgriculture Commerce DefenseEducation Energy HHSHomeland Sec HUD InteriorJustice Labor StateTransportation Treasury VACabinet Departments•Defense is the largest in terms of personnel (664,524) and budget•Education is the smallest department (4,567) –CNN analysis of FY 2010 Budgets by Department–For the full budget, download the pdf file available here.Independent Executive Agencies•IEAs are agencies who report directly to the president but stand independent of the federal bureaucracye.g., –CIA–EPA–NASAIndependent Regulatory Agency•Agency substantially independent of both the rest of the executive branch and Congress•Usually dedicated to regulating a narrow area of public policy–e.g., Fed FCC FTC NLRB, EEOCGovernment Corporations•Government owned business designed as a for-profit enterprise•e.g., FDIC, TVA, USPS, AmTrak, PBSStaffing•Spoils System–Job appointments given over to executive branch–Jobs awarded on the basis of political ties and fealtyStaffing•Merit System–1883 Pendleton Act (Civil Service Reform Act)•Jobs awarded on basis of merit/qualifications•Created Civil Service Commission to administer personnel decisions (hire/pay)StaffingOffice of Personnel MangementMerit Systems Protection Board–Civil Service Reform Act (1978)Functions•Bureaucracies are in some ways a “mini” government unto unthemselves–administrative•implementation of legislative and executive policies–quasi legislative•proposed rules–quasi judicial•enforcement of rulesFunctions•Bureaucrats can have important role in shaping public policy–they can support the president with information–they can shape presidential options with information provided–they can undermine the president with information and actionsFunctions•“Whistleblower” protection–Enacted originally in 1989, renewed and amended since then–Protects employees who disclose wasteful spending, discrimination, unsafe working conditions, illegal activities, etc. at place of employment, including federal agenciesFunctions•Bureaucrats have a crucial role to play in development of policy considerations•Main players in public policy are:–legislative–executive–interest groups involved on issueFunctionsBureaucratsCongressional committeesInterest GroupsIssue NetworksFunctions•“Public” policy becomes less concerned over issues related to the broad public•Specific groups affected by the proposed policy and policy changes dictate public policy •Once programs are created, it is very difficult to remove themFunctions•In 1887, Congress passed the Tea Act, which set standards for tea quality coming into the US•In 1897, Act amended to create the Board of Tea Experts, headed by the Federal Tea Taster, to taste and certify the teas entering the country•In 1970, President Nixon proposed eliminating the Board•In 1996 Congress passed the Federal Tea Tasters Repeal Act, eliminating the BoardUS Board of Tea Experts meetingFunctionsAngora wool subsidies–1954 National Wool Act–1960 wool removed from list of “strategic materials”–1989 recommendation to kill program costing $230 million/year (DOA)–1993 Senate passed recommendation to kill–1994 main program killed, but...–2008 program continued in downscaled form (special assistance loans to producers)Bureaucratic Reform•Sunset Laws–Timed phase out of government programs unless have explicit renewal provision enacted•Sunshine Laws–Open bureaucratic proceedings to greater public scrutiny and access•Privatization–Turn government programs over to the private sector–Greater efficiency of market forces will produce better service at a cheaper cost to