TexbookOther AI textsCourse OverviewPrerequisitesWhere is AI in Computer ScienceWhat is Artificial Intelligence?What is intelligence then?Dictionary: IntelligenceDictionary: Artificial IntelligenceActing humanly: The Turing testActing humanly: The Turing testActing humanly: The Turing testThinking Humanly: Cognitive ScienceThinking Rationally: Laws of ThoughtActing RationallyOperational Definition of AIAI PrehistoryPotted History of AIState of the artWhy Study AI?AI is among us!AI is among us!AI is pretty hard stuff22c:145 Artificial IntelligenceHantao Zhanghttp://www.cs.uiowa.edu/∼hzhang/c145The University of IowaDepartment of Computer ScienceArtificial Intelligence – p.1/??TexbookM. Tim JonesArtificial Intelligence: A Systems ApproachJones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009.Class Web Sitewww.cs.uiowa.edu/˜hzhang/c145Check the class web site daily!Artificial Intelligence – p.2/??Other AI textsTitle Authors Publisher YearAI Application Programming M. Tim Jones Course Technology 2005AI, A Modern Approach S. Ruessel, P. Norvig Prentice Hall 2009AI: A New Synthesis Nilsson Morgan Kaufmann 1998Computational Intelligence Poole, Mackworth, Goebel Oxford 1998Artificial Intelligence Winston Addison-Wesley 1992Artificial Intelligence Rich, Knight McGraw-Hill 1991AI: Theory and Practice Dean, Allen, Aloimonos Benjamin Cummings 1995Mathematical Methods in AI Bender IEEE Comp. Press 1996Logical Foundations of AI Genesereth, Nilsson Morgan Kaufmann 1987Artificial Intelligence – p.3/??Course OverviewTopic ChaptersIntroduction 1Uninformed Search 2Informed Search 3Game Playing 4Knowledge Representation 5Machine Learning 6Evolutionary Computation 7Neural Networks 8, 9Biologically Inspired Methods 12Languages of AI 13Artificial Intelligence – p.4/??PrerequisitesThe course will be self-contained, but an elementarybackground in CS and Math is required.Expect the class material to become a little technical attimes.You will implement some of the techniques seen inclass. Programming assignments will be in your favoriteprogramming languages and Prolog.Artificial Intelligence – p.5/??Where is AI in Computer ScienceComputer Science: It is about problem solving usingcomputers.Computer Architecture and System Software study howto build good computers.Computation Theory and Complexity Theorey studywhat can be computed, what cannot be computed, i.e.,the limits of different computing devices.Programming Languages study how use computersconveniently and efficiently.Algorithms and Data Structures study how to solvepopular computation problems efficiently.Artificial Intelligence, Databases, Netoworking, Security,etc., study how to extend the use of computers.Artificial Intelligence – p.6/??What is Artificial Intelligence?A scientific and engineering discipline devoted to:understanding principles that make intelligent behaviorpossible in natural or artificial systems;developing methods for the design and implementationof useful, intelligent artifacts. [Poole, Mackworth,Goebel]Artificial Intelligence – p.7/??What is intelligence then?Fast thinking?Knowledge?Ability to pass as a human?Ability to reason logically?Ability to learn?Ability to perceive and act upon one’s environment?Ability to play chess at grand-master’s level?Artificial Intelligence – p.8/??Dictionary: Intelligence1. (a) The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.(b) The faculty of thought and reason.(c) Superior powers of mind.2. An intelligent, incorporeal being, especially an angel.3. Information; news.4. (a) Secret information, especially about an actual or potential enemy.(b) An agency, staff, or office employed in gathering such information.(c) Espionage agents, organizations, and activities considered as agroupArtificial Intelligence – p.9/??Dictionary: Artificial Intelligence1. Dictionary 1:(a) The ability of a computer or other machine toperform those activities that are normally thought torequire intelligence.(b) The branch of computer science concerned with thedevelopment of machines having this ability.2. Dictionary 2: The subfield of computer scienceconcerned with the concepts and methods of symbolicinference by computer and symbolic knowledgerepresentation for use in making inferences. AI can beseen as an attempt to model aspects of human thoughton computers. It is also sometimes defined as trying tosolve by computer any problem that a human can solvefaster.Artificial Intelligence – p.10/??Acting humanly: The Turing testTuring (1950) “Computing machinery and intelligence”:Artificial Intelligence – p.11/??Acting humanly: The Turing test“Can machines think?” −→ “Can machines behaveintelligently?”Operational test for intelligent behavior: the ImitationGamePredicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30%chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutesSuggested major components of AI: knowledge,reasoning, language understanding, learningProblem: Turing test is notreproducible, constructive, oramenable tomathematical analysis.Artificial Intelligence – p.12/??Acting humanly: The Turing testLoebner Prize Gold Medalhttp://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.htmlIn 1990 Hugh Loebner agreed with The Cambridge Center forBehavioral Studies to underwrite a contest designed toimplement the Turing Test. Dr. Loebner pledged a GrandPrize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal for the first computerwhose responses were indistinguishable from a human’s.Such a computer can be said "to think." Each year an annualprize of $2000 and a bronze medal is awarded to the mosthuman-like computer. The winner of the annual contest is thebest entry relative to other entries that year, irrespective ofhow good it is in an absolute sense.Artificial Intelligence – p.13/??Thinking Humanly: Cognitive Science1960s “cognitive revolution”: information-processing psychologyreplaced prevailing orthodoxy ofbehaviorismRequire scientific theories of internal activities of the brainWhat level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”?How to validate? It requires1. Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)2. Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up)Both approaches, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience,share with AI on:the available theories do not explain (or engender)anything resembling human-level general intelligenceArtificial Intelligence – p.14/??Thinking Rationally: Laws of ThoughtSeveral Greek schools at the time of Aristotle developedvarious forms oflogic:Notation and rules of