PSY 255 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (January 13)What is I-O Psychology?• Textbook definition:– “Application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace”• How do things that happen at work relate to things outside of work? The study of psychological experience at work and how it relates outside of work.• “The study of how people get along at work and are able to perform effectively”• Understanding if the relationships between coworkers, superiors and subordinates are good or not and why not?Pieces of I-O Psychology• Industrial (or personnel) psychology: Job analysis, selection, training, performance appraisal, compensation• Organizational psychology: Motivation, leadership, work-related attitudes, organizationalchange and development• Human factors (mostly engineers): Human-machine interaction, ergonomics (how people and their environment interact) – are you sitting in a comfortable chair? Is the work space the most comfortable for you to perform your task?***You will most likely find an I-O psychologist in an academic institution like MSU doing research and teaching***Who is an I-O Psychologist?• Primary areas for I-O work– Selection– Training– Organizational development– Performance management– Quality of work life (job attitudes)– Human factorsScientist Practitioner Model• Scientist: Generator of knowledge (extend what we already know, apply info to a new area and try to change things)• Practitioner: Consumer and applier of knowledge (take what they know and design a training program, then design an interview technique, and figure out how to apply the new knowledge to help the company that they work for)BOTH THEORY AND PRACTICE ARE IMPORTANT!!!!Training an I-O Psychologist• Most I-O psychologists have M.A.’s or Ph.D.’s– This requires 2-5 years of graduate training– Developing appropriate competencies involves class work, research experience, completing a dissertation, and comprehensive examsHistory of I-O• Pre-WWI– Walter Dill Scot• Book “Theory of Advertising” (1903)• 1st professor of Applied Psychology in a business setting (at Carnegie Mellon) – Walter VanDyke Bingham• Established Division of Applied Psychology at Carnegie Mellon in 1915– Hugo Munsterberg• Wrote textbook “Psychology and Industrial Efficiency” (1913)– Frederick W. Taylor• Scientific Management• Advocated division of labor and designing work to maximize efficiency - WWI through 1920s– The Two Walters: Scot and Bingham• Personnel Psychology in military• Developed personnel files, performance rating forms, etc.– Robert Yerkes (President of APA)• Selection and placement in military• Developed Army Alpha and Beta mental ability tests (asks - Can you handle the stress of your position?)– Bruce V. Moore• First recipient of I-O PH.D (Carnegie Mellon, 1921)– 10 I-O psychology professionals in 1917, 50 in 1929- 1930s to WWII– Western Electric and the Hawthorne effect– Rise of the “O” in I-O psychology (ex: motivation, group processes)- WWII to 1960s– Rise in I-O psych involvement during WWII– Emergence of research centers (ex: ARI and Lewin’s at MIT)– Rapid growth of I-O university graduate programs (University at Akron 1968, MSU 1960)- Title VII of Civil Rights Act (1964)– Addressed discrimination in employment decisions– Cannot recruit, hire, fire, promote, etc. based on protected groups (race, gender, religion, color, national origin)- Today– Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) is HUGE! (100 I-O psychologists in 1939 became 7,887 members in 2010, of which 3,747 are students)– …there are 58 I-O psychology Doctoral programs and 74 Masters level onesThe Future of I-O Psychology• I-O psychology will continue to be relevant for several reasons:– Global Competition: Ensuring competence of workforce (workers) and being able to compete– Downsizing: Helping organizations and employees (both those who are let go andsurvivors) adjust to change– Increased Workplace Diversity: Employees need to be educated and sensitive with respect to differences– Technology Advancement: More flexibility in work design and new issues related to boundaries between work and non-work (you can work online now) people are asked to be at work all the time. (ex: we are expected to check email while at home, etc.)– Ethical Consideration: Concerns started with Enron and continues until todayLecture 2 (January 15) Science: A process for generating knowledge• Science has 4 goals– Description: answers the question of WHAT? Describes the phenomenon.– Explanation: WHY does this phenomenon occur?– Prediction: WHEN? Giving the circumstances, makes predictions on when the phenomenon happens. – Control: Makes changes to observe the phenomenon.• Assumptions– Empiricism: learning via observation and data collection. (ex: surveys, interviews, observing through eyes, etc.)– Determinism: Phenomenon is orderly and systematic. Nothing is random. If we study really hard we can understand and explain why things happen.– Discoverability: Phenomenon is knowable. It is possible for us to understand the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon.• Theory– A set of interrelated concepts and propositions that present systematic view of phenomenon.– Theories are the building block of science.– Theories describe, explain and predictCriteria of what a good theory is• A good theory is:– Parsimonious: Simplest is best. (ex: Gravity is a simple theory)– Precise: Specific and accurate. We don’t want it to be wish-ey washy (a litle of this, a tad bit of that is NOT GOOD. Make it precise like a recipe and have exact “measurements”)– Testable: Falsifiable (not yet disconfirmed). We need to be able to test it and see if it works. We assume that all theories are in between totally wrong and absolutely correct.– Useful: Do people care about this? If you think it’s useful, but other people do not, it will be harder to make the theory important.– Generative: It should not be limiting. It should open up ideas for new studies and further research.• Theory or data?– Induction Method• Moving from data to theory• Don’t start with guesses or ideas about how it works…you will just go collect data first. You have no reason to believe one way or another.• Look for paterns from the data– Deduction Method• Moving from theory