NUIP 2250 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8Lecture 1 (January 13)Overview of Nutrition What’s the definition of nutrition? What are nutrients? What do nutrients do?The definition of nutrition is the process by which living organisms ingest, digest, absorb, transport, utilize, and excrete nutrients. It can also be defined as the relationship of food to health, and the chemical content of food. Nutrients are nutritive substances, necessary for growth and functioning. These include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, water, vitamins, and minerals. Some of the functions nutrients have include providing energy, assist with growth and the maintenance of tissues, and assist in the regulation of body processes. What is metabolism? What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism? Metabolism can be defined as all physical and chemical reactions that occur in the body. Anabolism is the buildup of tissue for growth, maintenance, or repair (so it helps BUILD). Anabolism occurs during childhood, pregnancy, bodybuilding, and patients with wounds. While, catabolism can be defined as the breakdown of tissues for energy (so it helps BREAK), which occurs when one experiences a calorie deficit, malnourishment, and patients who cannot eat or absorb nutrients, and those who are NPO. How is energy stored? How is many calories are stored in carbohydrates, protein, fat, and alcohol? How many calories are equivalent to one pound of fat?Energy is stored in the bonds between carbon atoms. Carbohydrates contain 4 kcals/gm. Proteins contain 4 kcals/gm. Fats contains 9 kcals/gm. Alcohol contains 7 kcals/gm. 3,500 calories are equivalent to one pound of fat. What two ways could someone be considered malnourished? What are the risk groups for undernutrition? Does obesity mean well-nourished?The two ways that someone could be considered malnourish are thorugh undernutrition or overnutrition. The at-risk groups in the U.S. are the elderly, alcoholics, drug addicts, hospitalized patients, homelessness, and people with eating disorders. Obesity does not mean well-nourished. What are some of the National Standards for nutrition? What are Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? What do DRIs include?Some of the National Standards include: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs), U.S. Dietary Guidelines, MyPlate, www.nutrition.gov, American Heart Association, National Cancer Institute, and American Diabetes Association.Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are guidelines for micronutrient intake and calorie and proteinintake. These expand on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs). DRIs include current concepts about the role of nutrients in long-term health. DRIs include: RDA, UL, EAR, AI. RDA is the goal for the individual. UL is the Upper Level Intake Level, meaning that if this level is habitually exceeded, there may be adverse effects. EAR is the Estimated Average Requirement, meaning that half of those consuming this amount will not receive enough. AI is Adequate Intake, meaning that this is the goal for the individual since there is not RDA. Normally, an AI means that we don’t know how much one needs for sure.What are the ranges for the macronutrients carbohydrates, fat, and protein? Who are the dietary guidelines designed for? What are the 2010 dietary guidelines?The range for carbohydrates is 45-65% of total calories. The range for fat for adults is 20-35% and for kids, the range is 25-40%. Lastly, the range for protein is 10-35% of the total calories.The dietary guidelines are designed for healthy people. They originated from the knowledge that overnutrition cause disease. The 2010 dietary guidelines include weight control, reducing daily sodium intake, minimizing trans fatty acids, reducing the intake of added sugars, limiting refined grains, and making less than 10% of calories from saturated fat. How can one calculate BMI? What are the ranges for the risk to malnutrition, healthy, and overweight and obese? BMI can be calculated by 704 x weight in lbs divided by height in inches.The range for those at risk for malnutrition are those whose BMI is less than 18.5. Those who are within the healthy range are those with a BMI of 18.5 – 24.9. Those are who overweight arethose with a BMI of 25-29.9. Those who are considered obese are those with a BMI above 30. What would be considered a good nutritional study? What are some types of nutritional studies? How do you know if a study is reliable?A good nutritional study would be randomized, placebo controlled, double blind, and have a large sample size. Some types of nutritional studies include: epidemiology studies, controlled clinical trials, case control studies, prospective cohort studies, randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial, and documented clinical observation. A study is reliable if there are low confounding factors and if the sample size is large.What are the types of nutrition specialists?The first type is a registered dietitian who trained in nutrition with a 4-year degree program with an internship, which is then followed by a registration exam. A nutritionist is one who has a graduate degree in nutrition. Digestion and AbsorptionWhat is digestion? What is absorption? What happens during metabolism?Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food. It occurs in the digestive tract. The anatomy begins with the mouth – esophagus – stomach – small intestine – large intestine.Absorption is the passage of nutrients from the gut lumen into the body’s cells.Metabolism occurs in the liver. Monosaccharides are converted to glucose. The glucose can be used for energy and the excess is stored as glycogen or converted to fat. Fat and protein can be used for energy or stored as fat. What is the function of the stomach? What is the function of the small intestine? What is the function of colon/large intestine?The stomach’s mechanical process is the churn the food inside it and chemically it mixes food with gastric juice with includes hydrochloric acid (HCl), pepsin (protein-splitting), and lipase (fat enzyme). Mucous lining protects the stomach wall. HCl keeps the pH low, inhibits bacteria, activates enzymes, and increases the solubility of calcium and iron. Chyme is the partially digested food in semiliquid form after stomach digestion. Pylorus or pyloric sphincter is themuscle between stomach and intestine. Alcohol is absorbed in the stomach and the intrinsic factor is released in the stomach. The small intestine’s