DOC PREVIEW
UCSD BILD 2 - Lymphatic System

This preview shows page 1-2 out of 7 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 7 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 7 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 7 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

BILD 2 Professor TowbTA: Edwin [email protected]: T: 11am-12pm, 1pm-2pmSection 2 HandoutLymphatic System-The lymphatic system is a one-way flow system which begins with tiny lymphatic capillaries in all the tissues of the body that merge to form larger lymphatic vessels, which then merge to form lymphatic ducts. Acts as a suction pump to retrieve water, proteins, and white blood cells from the tissues. Fluid inside is called lymph, which is filtered by lymph nodes, which contain white blood cells. Large lymphatic ducts merge to form the thoracic duct which empties into a large vein near the neck.2 Kinds of Immunity1. Innate Immunity – present before pathogen exposure, since birth. Nonspecific (attacks anything foreign to body).-ex. Skin, mucus, secretions, macrophages.2. Acquired Immunity – immunity against specific pathogens. -ex. Antibodies, lymphocytes (White Blood Cells)Antibodies-specifically recognize and bind to microorganisms, leading to their destruction and removal from the body. Has a constant region and a variable region, which allows specificity.-bind to a part of the antigen called the epitope.-results in either direct inactivation of the antigen, phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, or activation of thecomplement system to form holes in the cell membrane and lyse the cell.B Cells-each B cell is coated with proteins that bind to a unique antigen.-antigen specificity arises from random combinations of the genes that encode for the antibody portion of the B Cell.-derived from stem cells in the bone marrow.-when a B cell binds to an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into two different kinds of B cells, plasma cells and memory cells. -Plasma B Cells secrete antibodies.-Memory B Cells allow a quicker response to the specific antigen. Memory B Cells will be present in large numbers, increasing the odds that one will bind to an antigen.T Cells -made in Thymus-T cells that are specific for self cells are destroyed in the Thymus.-proliferates when activating, speeding up response the next time the pathogen comes around.1. T Helpers -contain CD4 surface proteins.-activates B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and other cells of immune system, acting as the central conroller of the whole immune response.-MHC II is present on B cells and macrophages. MHC II presents antigen fragments that bind to the CD4 on T Helpers.2. Cytotoxic T Cells-contain CD8 surface proteins-kills virus-infected host cells, cancer cells, and foreign cells like skin grafts-MHC I is present on all cells and displays peptides from inside the cell. If cell is infected with a virus, it will display virus fragments on it’s surface. MHC I presents antigen fragments that bind to the CD8 on Cytotoxic T Cells.Salt and Water Balance (Kidney Function)-Blood first flows through the glomerulus, which is a ball of capillaries. Due to the high blood pressure in this region, fluid leaks out of the glomerulus and into Bowman’s capsule. Cells and plasma proteins are too big to leak out and therefore stay in the blood.-blood then flows into the proximal tubule, where solutes are reabsorbed into the blood. Since water moves from low concentration to high concentration, it follows the solute movement to balance out concentration. This is knownas water reabsorption in the kidney.-the blood then flows into the distal tutuble, where more water can be reabsorbed to regulate blood pressure and urine concentration.-finally the blood flows through the collecting duct where there is more water reabsorption and then to the bladder.Hormone TypesPeptide vs. Steroid HormonesPeptides SteroidsStructure hydrophilic, large (polypeptides) or small (amino acid derivatives) hydrophobic, smallSpecificity only target cells have appropriate surface receptors only target cells have appropriate cytoplasmic receptorsMechanism of Effect bind to receptors that generate second messengers bind to receptors that alter gene expression by regulating DNA transcriptionTiming of Effect rapid, short-lived slow, long-lastingEndocrine System-The basic mechanism of the endocrine system goes like this. The hypothalamus sends either nerve signals or hormone signals. The nerve signals are sent down through neuroendocrine cells of the posterior pituitary which secrete hormones. Hormone signals are released into the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels (portal vessels are arranged artery->capillary->artery). They then act upon the anterior pituitary, which releases different hormonesthat act on different endocrine glands of the body. These endocrine glands then release their own hormones which have different functions outlined in the following table. These hormones released by the endocrine glands feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, regulating hormone release.-ex. The hypothalamus released Thyrotropin Releasing Factor (TRH) into the anterior pituitary, which stimulates the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormones (TSH) into the blood. These hormones travel through the blood until they hit the thyroid gland, stimulating the release Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). These hormones travel through the blood and act on different organs to increase metabolic rate. When it acts on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, it causes negative feedback to occur, stopping TRH and TSH release, which then cease production of Thyroid hormones.*you don’t have to memorize this table, I just added it to convey the general


View Full Document

UCSD BILD 2 - Lymphatic System

Download Lymphatic System
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Lymphatic System and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Lymphatic System 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?