EarMiddle ear air filled space like external earthat vibration now transfers to the cochlea to the oval windowthe bone sitting on top of the oval window is called the incoa?When we age we loose elasticity of the baslar membrane and we begin to loose high frequency soundStart loosing that pitch at our ageDog whistlesTakeing sound from wide area to a small areaTrymponic membrane to cochleaacts like the "liver” of the earCan control thisWant to do this to be able to preventProtective against loud soundHave to have good air pressure to help with the ear drumStick head in wateror atmospheric pressurewhen ears popauditory tubeif move jaw will open this auditory tubehave to have ears pop to prevent fluid or wrong pressure in medullaSneeze or cough quietly / hold in is bad because the bad stuff in the throat will come back up into the earsgetting tubes in ears= poke a hole in the tympanic membrane because in kids the development from the jaw ear connection areathese tubes allow drainage out and relieve the pressure and painChemosensestastesmellvisceraChemo receptors act pretty much the same way as chemical messengersbinding site with certain specificity but often the specificity may be for taste or lesser extent smell which is very broadTASTE: (5)sweet- tip of tongue; if want most sweetness from lollipop don’t put all the waythe sweet receptors bind with the sweet in the lollipopsour-saltybittersavorylaw of proportion-ex: sweet and sour chicken got probably everything but bitter; how do I know its sweet and sour? The amount of each flavor…Its not about how much of a receptor is stimulated but the amount of each receptor stimulated i.e. PROPORTIONSMELL: similar arrangement, many many kinds of receptors instead of 5 or so receptors there are probably hundredsIn nasal cavityis a much more powerful sense than tasteconnection in mouth and nose can smell the food in our mouth that we are tasting.So the food we taste is not just interaction with tongue but also smellWhen have a head cold this is why the food doesn’t taste as good mucus is coveringHold nose when take something that tastes bad may help a lil bet… also really kinda just a distractionEYEthree main layersoutersclera- whitecornea- clearchoroid- middlelensciliary muscleiris= musclehole in the middle= pupilinner most layer- Retinamore towards the backphotoreceptors are hereblind spot is part of optic nerve where no photo receptors areFovea CentralisFunction: not only to detect light but to actually focus the light into the inside to see shapes. In order to focus we have to bend the light to focus it called refraction so its given a nice sharp image. 2 things influence refraction:Change in density: listen to exampleWe can think of our eye as fluid filled does better in air than water (goggles gives us the different density so we can bend the light right)Curvature:Cornea and lens- help with the curvatureCornea more helps with the bending of the light; fixed not adjustablelens just really curvature not really much of density but has the ability to change shape= ADJUSTABLEcan make it longer and fatterwhat happens if it loses elasticity? Doesn’t do that as well anymore* have another issue with focus:bright light in front: lots of light rays coming at the eye the ones not coming in fairly directly to the pupil are harder to bendCONSTRICT THE PUPIL easier to focusDIALATE THE PUPIL harder to focus^^IRIS=AUTONOMIC:sympathetic=dilate; not very good if looking at something up close… but far away is good so if im running awayparasympathetic= constrict… if im reading the news paper im at restPhoto receptors:Rod Cells: sensitive to relatively narrower; tend to be wider distribution;also found in differenct places of eye outside of the foveaperiferal visioncolors- red blue greendensity of receptors are lower so cant focus as well as cone cellsduring the signal transduction process if I stimulate these photochemicals within the photo receptors with light then that’s gonna send me generate and action potential and that photochemical is inactive ive gotta have a way to go back to avtive and get an action potential again. Cant get action potential from inactive formIF im in a bright room my photochemicals are INACTIVE I can see just fineif i turn off all the lights= cant see but if I wait a few seconds I can start to see a few things = regenerating the action potential have dark and light adaptationdark adaptation: increasing the amount of photochemicals increases my sensitivity to lightlight adaptation: decreasing the amount of photochemicals decreasing the chemical activity reduce the sensitivityif I wanna sit in dark without shining flash light all the time is there something I can do to see better?if wanna see better in dark use peripherals = rods = more sensitive to lightmight not be so sharpbad thing with flash light= can only see other thingsred light= doesn’t influence sensitivity of the rods and red cone cells can adapt to see? This is better a red flashlight?Cone Cells: fovea really dense here= more acuity= being able to see the detailso if I want to focus on something do so on the FOVEA.less sensitive to light than rodssensitivity and acutitysensitivity: type of cellacutity: density cones more dense than rodsMUSCLESmooth: relatively small no striations controlled by autonomic nervous systemskeletal: long cellsmore than one nucleus in one cellstriped pattern= striations due to different amounts of overlapping proteinssomatic nervous system runs this cardiac: some striations some have more than one nucleasSkeletal muscle:3 main classes of proteins:contractile:actin: sphericalmyofilimats- a series of these will make a filimat wil make spheremyosin binding sights on each of the “loops”myosin: golf club shape.. fillimates… have a myosin head can be in 2 different confermations( positions)energized state: has a lot of potential energy just in the shape of the protein. Think of this as a cocked mouse trap.. energy in that spring ready to be moved into nonenATP bindingnon energized state… think of done mouse trapactin bindingADP binding: b/c active took the ATP=atp being broken downCROSS BRIDGE: actin and myosin connectionsupport proteins/ structural= help us to arrange these protiense to the right structures. Same pattern reproduced thousands of times. Functional unit(=piece of something I need