Symportstwo substances move together in the same direction across the membrane by means of a single carrier proteinactive transport= moves substances against their electrochemical gradientlow concentration to high concentrationutilizes transmembrane proteinsgated channels or ports(= are controlled= open when cell is in need of a substance)typically act as an ATPase (break down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate during transport and releasing energy that is used to move the chemical)RibosomesNonmembranous organelleThe sites of protein synthesis in cellsBacteria have 70S ribosomes composed of 30S and 50S subunitsEukaryotic ribosomes are 80S, composed of 40S and 60S subunitsMany antibacterial drugs act on 70S ribosomes or their subunits without effects on the 80S subunits of eukaryotic ribosomesFacilitated diffusionType of passive transportIntegral proteins act as channels or carries to allow certain molecules to diffuse down their concentration gradients into or out of the cell=> NON SPECIFICcell expends no energy; electrochemical gradients provide all the energy necessarysomechannel proteins allow the passage of a range of chemicals that have the right size or electrical chargePermeases are more specific and carry only certain substratesa permease has a binding site that is selective for one substanceSPECIFIC PROTIENSLysosomesMembranous sacs (vacuole and vesicles) that store and transfer chemicals within eukaryotic cellsFound in animal cellsContain catabolic enzymes that damage the cell if they are released into the cytosolEnzymes used during self-destruction of old, damaged, and diseased cellsAlso used to digest nutrients that have been phagocytized (= ingested by phagocytes=cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful stuff)CiliaEukaryoteMotile, internal, hair like structures which extend the surface of the cellShorter and more numerous than flagellaComposed primarily of tubulinSubstrate level phosphorlationA step in cellular respiration- catabolisimADP obtains a phosphate group attached to a metabolic intermediate by a high-energy bondGram-Positive Bacterial Cell WallsRelatively thick layer of peptidoglycanContain unique chemicals of teichoic acidsSome covalently linked to lipids, forming lipoteichoic acids that anchor peptidoglycan to cytoplasmic membraneRetain crystal violet dye in Gram staining procedureAppear PURPLEAcid-fast bacteria have walls with up to 60% mycolic acid (a waxy lipid)Helps these organisms survive desiccation(=removal or loss of moisture)Periplasmic SpaceIn Gram negatives, this organelle lies between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membraneContains the cell wall and the periplasmPeriplasm contains water, nutrients, and substances secreted by the cell, such as digestive enzymes and proteins involved in transportEnzymes catabolize large nutrient molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed or transported into the cellFimbraie and PiliRodlike protienaceous extensionsFimbraeSticky, bristlelike projections composed of a protein with adhesive tipsUsed by bacteria to adhere to one another and to substances in environmentMay be undreds per cell and are usually shorter than flagellaMay use fimbriae to move across substrate or toward another bacterium via a process similar to pulling an object with a ropeServe an important function in biofilms (collection of bacterial growth in liquid environment) because some fimbriae conduct electrical signals among cells in a biofilmPiliSpecial type of fimbriaLonger than fimbriae but shorter than flagellaBacteria typically have only one or few per cellMediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another (conjuction)Also known as conjugation pili or sex piliInclusionsDeposits that are often found within bacterial cytosolEntry mechanismsFirst step in cellular respirationRaw materials (such as glucose) must be brought into the cellSufficient concentrations of substrate must be maintainedBarriers must be overcomeOuter membranePrevents passage of hydrophilic and hydrophobic moleculesDiffusion of all sub straits through porins (found in cytoplasm of bacterial cell)Cell wallLoose molecular mesh which does not present significant barrier to nutrient passageCytoplasmic membranePrevents passage of hydrophilic compoundsPermeases bind substrate and carry it across the membraneMost enter via active transportEukaryotesHave membrane surrounding their DNAHave a nucleusHave internal membrane-bound organellesMore complexLarger than prokaryotesComposed of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plantsBasal bodyFlagella structureAnchors filament and hook to cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane by a rod and a series of either 2 or 4 rings of integral proteinsBacterial cytoplasmic membraneComposed of phospholipids and associated proteins of phospholipid bilayerSeparates the contents of the cell from the outside environementSelectively permeableEukaryotic GlycocalycesPresent only in animal and protozoan cells that do not have cell wallsNever as structurally organized as prokaryotic capsulesHelp anchor animal cells to each otherFunction in cell-to-cell recognition and communicationGroup TranslocationAn active process that occurs only in some BACTERIAThe substance being actively transported across the membrane is chemically changed during transportThe membrane is impermeable to the altered chemical and traps it inside the cellPermeasesSee facilitated diffusionHypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonicHypotonic= a solution with a lower concentration of solutes is said to be hypotonic to the otherCell will SWELLHypertonic= a solution with a higher concentration of solutes is said to be hypertonic to the otherCell will SHRINKIsotonic= when solutions on either side of a selecticely permeable membrane have the same concentrationVirusesAcellularParasiteDNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coatCan only be seen with a microscopeFlagellaCells motility allow it to flee from a harmful environment or move to a favorable oneThe most notable structure responsible for bacterial movementLong structures that extend beyond the surface of a cell and its glycocalyx and propel the cell through its environmentEnables the cell to rotate 360 degreesBacterira move in response to stimuli (taxis)Runs (counterclockwise)= go direction generally wanna goTumbles (clockwise) and changes direction and are randomPositive= direction wanna goNegative is direction doesn’t wanna goComponents of bacterial cytoplasmCytosolInclusionsEndospores in some sellsRibosomesCytoskeleton in