1CVM 6101Radiographic Anatomy of the Front LimbDaniel A. Feeney DVM, MSProfessor of Veterinary RadiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 Required ReadingVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Goals & Expectations:– Identify specific structures or parts thereof– Understand why the views (projections) look as they do– Keep in mind that the items listed in the “to know” lists are from the perspective of practicing radiologists– If asked, be able to describe what soft-tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament, vessel) structure(s) attach to, pass through, or lie in contact with a given osseous anatomic landmark or regionVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Approach:– Introductory lectures defining the important structures and how they are viewed radiographically– Open session, instructor proctored group laboratory exercises wherein actual radiographs of the anatomic structures are viewed and understood– Web-based self-study sets both available on CD and from the web site http://www.academic-server.cvm.umn.edu/radiology/Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Sources of Information:– Anatomy Textbooks– Radiographic Anatomy Textbooks– General Veterinary Imaging Textbooks– U-MN Medical Imaging web site http://www.academic-server.cvm.umn.edu/radiology/Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA2Basic Interpretive Considerations:• Silhouette Sign:– “When two structures of equal radiographic density are in contact, it is not possible to differentiate the border between them” (i.e. joint capsule obscured by overlying muscle). This applies primarily to general radiography and not to Ultrasonography or computer-assisted radiography such as Computed Tomography.Silhouette Sign: (From Felson)CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Scapula:–PÆA and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including vertebrae, ribs, sternebrae, mineralized clavicular tendons, fascial planes, trachea, etc.– Remember, this bone is not attached to the axial skeleton except by a muscular sling mechanismVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Scapula: Broad Anatomic Regions– 1. Angles– 2. Body –3. Spine– 4. Scapulohumeral JointVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA1234CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Scapula: Broad Anatomic Regions– 1. Angles– 2. Body –3. Spine– 4. Scapulohumeral JointVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA1234CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Scapula: Specific Morphology– 5. Glenoid fossa– 6. Supraglenoid tubercle– 7. Acromion process (spine)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA5677753CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Humerus:–PÆA and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including vertebrae, ribs, sternebrae, mineralized clavicular tendons, fascial planes, trachea, etc.– Remember, this bone is not attached to the scapula except by a muscular tendons (no ligaments)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Humerus: Broad Anatomic Regions– 8. Head (proximal epiphysis)–9. Shaft– 10 Condyles (distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA8910CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Humerus: Broad Anatomic Regions– 8. Head (proximal epiphysis)–9. Shaft– 10. Condyles (distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA8910CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Humerus: Specific Morphology–8. Humeral head– 11. Greater humeral tubercle– 12. Lesser humeral tubercle– 13. Intertubercular (biceps) groove– 15. Deltoid tuberosity– 16. Medial and lateral epicondyles– 10. Medial and lateral condyles– 17. Supratrochlear foramen– 18. Nutrient foramenVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA8111315101812118151616 16CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]•Radius:–AÆP or PÆA and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including fascial planes, ulna, opposite limb, etc.– Remember, this bone is attached to the humerus by 1 collateral ligament– Remember, this bone is attached to the ulna which is attached to the humerus by 1 collateral ligamentVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Radius: Broad Anatomic Regions– 19. Head (proximal epiphysis)– 20. Shaft – 21. Distal epiphysisVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA1920214CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Radius: Broad Anatomic Regions– 19. Head (proximal epiphysis)– 20. Shaft – 21. Distal epiphysisVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA192021CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Radius: Specific Morphology– 22. Proximal articular surface– 23. Medial styloid process– 24. Nutrient foramenVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA242223CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]•Ulna:–AÆP and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including fascial planes, radius, opposite leg, etc.– Remember, this bone is attached to the humerus by 1 collateral liagment and to the radius by an annular ligament (which may have sesamoid near proximolateral radial head)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Ulna: Broad Anatomic Regions– 25. Olecranon process (proximal epiphysis)– 26. Shaft– 27. Lateral styloid process (distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA252627CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Ulna: Broad Anatomic Regions– 25. Olecranon process (proximal epiphysis)– 26. Shaft– 27. Lateral styloid process (distal epiphysis)Veterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA272625CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Ulna: Specific Morphology– 28. Anconeal process– 29. Trochlear notch – 30. Medial (and lateral) coronoid process(es)– 31. Radial fossa– 32. Nutrient foramenVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA2829303132325CVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Carpus:–AÆP and Medial Æ Lateral Views– Beware of superimposed structures including fascial planes, opposite limb, etc.– Remember, this series of bones are connected by 2 collateral ligaments and numerous intercarpal ligamentsVeterinary Medical CenterUNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTACVM 6101 [Imaging Anatomy]• Carpus: Broad Anatomic Regions– 33. Proximal row of