Fertility and Fertility ControlKeep in MindEarly HistoryMale Anthropologist may never ask IF:Contraception kept SecretIgnorance in Europe and AmericaAssumptionsSlide 8Herbal ContraceptivesMythologyHorticultural and Pre-horticultural PeriodPrimitive WomenAnthropologists QuestionCultural Methods Postpartum Intercourse TaboosCultural Methods Breast-FeedingCultural Methods Other Intercourse Taboos/RegulationsCultural Methods RidiculeCultural Methods Imposed Barrenness/CelibacyImposed Barrenness/Celibacy Atrahasis EpicCultural Methods PerversionsMental/Psychological MethodsPhysical/Mechanical MethodsPhysical/Mechanical Methods BarriersSlide 24Physical/Mechanical Methods Cervical cap; internal sheathPhysical/Mechanical Methods Chastity BeltsPhysical/Mechanical Methods DouchesPhysical/Mechanical Methods Expulsion of SpermPhysical/Mechanical Methods Deep Massage: Tipped UterusPhysical/Mechanical Methods Intrauterine DevicesIUD’sHerbal or Chemical Method Physico-ChemicalHerbal or Chemical Method Chemical PessariesHerbal or Chemical Method Oral ContraceptivesSlide 35Cyclical and Rhythm MethodsSlide 37Surgical Methods19th Century Pessaries19th Century Vaginal syringes: contraceptive douching19th Century Cervical Cap19th Century Diaphragm19th Century Perennial Sponge20th Century Pioneers20th Century Rational Methods20th Century Male Contraception???Questions???Fertility and Fertility Fertility and Fertility ControlControlBy By Antoinette KatholAntoinette KatholKeep in MindKeep in Mind1.1.Who was in charge of anti-fertility measures in Who was in charge of anti-fertility measures in general and contraception?general and contraception?2.2.At what point, or under what circumstances, did At what point, or under what circumstances, did women’s and men’s fertility interests diverge?women’s and men’s fertility interests diverge?3.3.What is the impact of unmistakable knowledge of What is the impact of unmistakable knowledge of the male role in conception?the male role in conception?4.4.What is the impact of patriarchy?What is the impact of patriarchy?5.5.When did fertility cease to be an individual or family When did fertility cease to be an individual or family matter and become a matter for group, eventually matter and become a matter for group, eventually state, regulation?state, regulation?Early HistoryEarly HistoryEarly history of contraception is woman’s Early history of contraception is woman’s history and therefore unknownhistory and therefore unknownThis ignorance is because many This ignorance is because many anthropologist have been maleanthropologist have been male–Men did not go in market place where they were soldMen did not go in market place where they were sold–Men hear what they want to hearMen hear what they want to hear–It was kept secret because it could be means for It was kept secret because it could be means for divorcedivorceNo contraception before mid-nineteenth No contraception before mid-nineteenth century for Western Culturecentury for Western Culture–Male’s withdrawal methodMale’s withdrawal method–Couples married for awhile performed intercourse Couples married for awhile performed intercourse less frequently.less frequently.Male Anthropologist Male Anthropologist may never ask IF:may never ask IF:They did not win confidence of any They did not win confidence of any femalesfemalesAbortion is openly performedAbortion is openly performedSee or suspect infanticideSee or suspect infanticidePostpartum sex taboo is long and firmly Postpartum sex taboo is long and firmly enforcedenforcedInfant and child mortality rates are highInfant and child mortality rates are highThey saw little reason to ask about They saw little reason to ask about contraception.contraception.Contraception kept Contraception kept SecretSecretMore effective device or agent More effective device or agent might be, more concealed women might be, more concealed women would keep itwould keep itWomen would reveal the name of Women would reveal the name of contraceptive plantcontraceptive plant–They would not divulge how to They would not divulge how to prepare it or use it.prepare it or use it.Ignorance in Europe Ignorance in Europe and Americaand AmericaAnthropologists discounted Anthropologists discounted reports of herbal contraceptivesreports of herbal contraceptivesThey believed if their own They believed if their own medical science had yet to medical science had yet to discover it, it did not workdiscover it, it did not workAssumptionsAssumptionsWomen invented all the basic Women invented all the basic types of contraception known types of contraception known todaytodayModern medicine refined or re-Modern medicine refined or re-invented devices and methods invented devices and methods that women knew centuries beforethat women knew centuries beforeAssumptionsAssumptionsExplained:Explained:–Hominid infants survival would depend Hominid infants survival would depend on its mother’s ability to limit birthson its mother’s ability to limit births–Men are hostile to contraceptionMen are hostile to contraceptionThey see women’s methods of preventing or They see women’s methods of preventing or terminating pregnancy as withholding from terminating pregnancy as withholding from males their right, as men, to have childrenmales their right, as men, to have children–Men want more children than woman doMen want more children than woman doHerbal Contraceptives Herbal Contraceptives Primitive groupsPrimitive groups–foods or condiments if prepared one wayfoods or condiments if prepared one way–Contraceptives or abortifacients if prepared Contraceptives or abortifacients if prepared another way such as unripe or raw foodsanother way such as unripe or raw foodsUnripe pineapple is used to interfere with gestation if Unripe pineapple is used to interfere with gestation if used in smaller concentrationsused in smaller concentrationsLess familiar Contraceptives Less familiar Contraceptives –Bay laurelBay laurel–FeverfewFeverfew–Plantain Plantain –Arbor vitaeArbor vitae–St. John’s WartSt. John’s WartMythologyMythologyFemale demons in Jewish legendFemale demons in Jewish legend–LilithLilithBlamed for infertility and infant deathsBlamed for infertility and infant deathsLilith - Wikipedia, the free encyclLilith - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaopediaHorticultural and Pre-Horticultural and