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Understanding Web SearchingIntroductionImplicit vs. Explicit Feedback Reading Time, Scrolling and… (Kelly & Belkin, 2001)Slide 4Representation Effectiveness How we really use the Web (Krug, 2000)Slide 6Representation Effectiveness How we really use the Web (Krug, 2000)Representation Effectiveness Cognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Representation Effectiveness Cognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)Browser-based Activities Characterizing Browsing… (Catledge & Pitkow, 1995)Slide 15Slide 16Browser-based Activities Characterizing Browsing… (Catledge & Pitkow, 1995)History Mechanisms (in browsers) Revisitation Patterns in… (Tauscher & Greenberg, 1997)Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24How do we cater to the people?Slide 26What resources are out there?ResearchUnderstanding Web SearchingSecondary Readings and So On…Will Meurer for WIREDOctober 7, 2004Introduction•Why do we care about how people use the Web?•Today’s topics (10/7, not the present age):–Implicit vs. explicit feedback–Representation effectiveness–Browser-based activities–History mechanisms–How do we cater to the people?–Resources–ResearchImplicit vs. Explicit FeedbackReading Time, Scrolling and… (Kelly & Belkin, 2001)•Implicit feedback (Morita & Shinoda):–Time spent on a page is directly related to user interest. Backed by many studies.•Explicit feedback (this study)–Time spent on a page is similar for relevant and irrelevant content.•Results suggest:–“Generalizability” is severely affected by explicit feedback methods.–Spend time to choose the right feedback type!Implicit vs. Explicit FeedbackReading Time, Scrolling and… (Kelly & Belkin, 2001)•Why do the results differ?–Relevance was difficult to distinguish this time–Participants are truly interested in the content former studies–Users may have rushed to complete in this experimental contextRepresentation Effectiveness How we really use the Web (Krug, 2000)Three “facts of life”:1. “We don’t read pages. We scan them.”–Why? hurry, necessity, habit–If we are to read its entirety, we save or print!(ClearType project)Representation Effectiveness How we really use the Web (Krug, 2000)2. “We don’t make optimal choices. We Satisfice.”–Why? hurry, quick access to and fro, less work than thinking–Generally, it’s more productive to guess.Representation EffectivenessHow we really use the Web (Krug, 2000)3. “We don’t figure out how things work.”–Why? not important, “if it ain’t broke (baroque)…”–Is it important to us whether the user understands how it works or not? Why?Representation EffectivenessCognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)•Users get lost on the Web. Why?•It is not just interactivity between user and system, rather user, task, and information•Analysis structure of browsing behavior presented and tested“The Interactivity Framework” or “How we should analyze cognitive strategies”Representation EffectivenessCognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)•The Interactivity Framework–User Level – Web experience, cognitive processes, cognitive style, knowledge (CS majors knew more about SE processes)–User Strategies – based on searching structure (or lack of), task natureSEARCHING CONDITIONS FACT FINDING EXPLORATORYDISPERSED STRUCTURE• Look for data base algorithm in Java • Look for criteria for the diagnosis of diseases • Find all the available jobs for profession CATEGORY STRUCTURE• Look for word definition • Find all information about 1997 Nobel Prize for LiteratureRepresentation EffectivenessCognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)–Information Structure•Internal (user’s) representation•External (system’s) representation•Computational Offloading – How much work does the user have to do to understand and how much does a representation help?–Re-representation – How much it makes problem solving easier or more difficult–Graphical Constraining – How it constrains inferences–Temporal and Spatial Constraining – How it helps when distributed over time and spaceRepresentation EffectivenessCognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)SEARCHING TASKEXPERIENCED WEB-PARTICIPANTSNOVICE WEB-PARTICIPANTSINFORMATION IN WEB DISPERSED STRUCTURE (e.g. find criteria for a psychological disease)SPECIFIC FACT FINDING: • Bottom-up •Mixed strategy at the beginning and selecting Bottom-up •Start with top-down and change at the end to bottom-up • Start typing without knowing why EXPLORATORY: •Top-down INFORMATION IN WEB CATEGORY STRUCTURE (e.g. find a job opening)•Mixed strategy at the beginning and then selecting top-down • Top-down •Top-down following browser categories •Start with bottom-up and change to top-downRepresentation EffectivenessCognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)•More Results–Experienced users searched with a plan–By having a plan you keep a more internal representation and focus your search–Inexperienced users were more influenced by external representations–Computational Offloading Results•Must explain–How have these issues changed?Representation Effectiveness Cognitive Strategies in Web… (Navarro-Prieto, et al, 1999)•Conclusions–Cognitive strategies used by the participants depend on how the information is structured.–Interaction is a multi-dimensioned concept.–Search engine interfaces should be designed to have less restrictive external representation.Browser-based ActivitiesCharacterizing Browsing… (Catledge & Pitkow, 1995)•User study of browsing events at the Georgia Tech (xMosaic browser)•Three main browsing strategies identified:–Search browsing – directed search, goal known–General purpose browsing – consulting highly likely sources for needed information (dictionary.com)–Serendipitous browsing – random–Most people use a combination of theseBrowser-based ActivitiesCharacterizing Browsing… (Catledge & Pitkow, 1995)•Results–Users were patient 99% of the time for long page loads–1222 unique sites accessed outside of GATech (~16% of Web servers)–Paths were calculated (sequences of page navigation)•Per session, paths of 7 different sites occurred 5 times•Per user, paths of 8 different sites occurred 9 timesBrowser-based ActivitiesCharacterizing Browsing…


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UT CE 385 - Understanding Web Searching

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