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ASU MAT 142 - Sets, Venn Diagrams & Counting

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MAT 142 College Mathematics Module SCSets, Venn Diagrams & CountingTerri Miller revised January 5, 2011SetsWhat is a set?A set is a collection of objects. The objects in the set are called elements of the set. A setis well-defined if there is a way to determine if an object belongs to the set or not. Toindicate that we are considering a set, the objects (or the description) are put inside a pairof set braces, {}.Example 1. Are the following sets well-defined?(1) The set of all groups of size three that can be selected from the members of this class.(2) The set of all books written by John Grisham.(3) The set of great rap artists.(4) The best fruits.(5) The 10 top-selling recording artists of 2007.Solution:(1) You can determine if a group has three people and whether or not those people aremembers of this class so this is well-defined.(2) You can determine whether a book was written by John Grisham or not so this isalso a well-defined set.(3) A rap artist being great is a matter of opinion so there is no way to tell if a particularrap artist is in this collection, this is not well-defined.(4) Similar to the previous set, best is an opinion, so this set is not well-defined.(5) This is well-defined, the top selling recording artists of any particular year are amatter of record.Equality?Two sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements.Example 2.(1) {1, 3, 4, 5} is equal to the set {5, 1, 4, 3}(2) The set containing the letters of the word railed is equal to the set containing theletters of the word redial.There are two basic ways to describe a set. The first is by giving a description, as we did inExample 1 and the second is by listing the elements as we did in Example 2 (1).2 Sets, Venn Diagrams & CountingNotation:. We usually use an upper case letter to represent a set and a lower case x torepresent a generic element of a set. The symbol ∈ is used to replace the words “is an elementof”; the expression x ∈ A would be read as x is an element of A. If two sets are equal, weuse the usual equal sign: A = B.Example 3. A = {1, 2, 3, 5}B = {m, o, a, n}C = {x|x ≥ 3 and x ∈ R}D = {persons | the person is a registered Democraat}U = {countries | the country is a member of the United Nations}Universe?In order to work with sets we need to define a Universal Set, U, which contains all possibleelements of any set we wish to consider. The Universal Set is often obvious from contextbut on occasion needs to be explicitly stated.For example, if we are counting objects, the Universal Set would be whole numbers. If weare spelling words, the Universal Set would be letters of the alphabet. If we are consideringstudents enrolled in ASU math classes this semester, the Universal Set could be all ASUstudents enrolled this semester or it could be all ASU students enrolled from 2000 to 2005.In this last case, the Universal Set is not so obvious and should be clearly stated.Empty?On occasion it may turn out that a set has no elements, the set is empty. Such a set is calledthe empty set and the notation for the empty set is either the symbol ∅ or a set of bracesalone, {}.Example 4. Suppose A is the set of all integers greater than 3 and less than −1. What arethe elements of A? There are no numbers that meet this condition, so A = ∅.Subset.A is a subset of B if every element that is in A is also in B. The notation for A is a subsetof B is A ⊆ B. Note: A and B can be equal.Example 5.A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}B = {1, 3, 4}C = {6, 4, 3, 1}D = {0, 1, 2, 5, 3, 4}E = {}Which of the sets B, C, D , E are subsets of A?B ⊆ A since it’s elements 1, 3, and 4 are all also in A. C is NOT a subset of A (C 6⊆ A)since there is a 6 in C and there is no 6 in A. D is a subset of A since everything that is inD is also in A; in fact D = A. Finally, E is a subset of A; this is true since any element thatIS in E is also in A.MAT 142 - Module SC 3Notice that every set is a subset of itself and the empty set is a subset of every set. If A ⊆ Band A 6= B, then we say that A is a proper subset of B. The notation is only a bit different:A ⊂ B. Note the lack of the “equal” part of the wymbol.Complement. Every set is a subset of some universal set. If A ⊆ U then the complementof A is the set of all elements in U that are NOT in A. This is denoted: A0. Note that(A0)0= A, i.e. the complement of the complement is the original set.Example 6. Consider the same sets as in Example 5. It appears that the set of all integers,U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, would be a natural choice for the univere in this case. So, wewould haveA0= {6, 7, 8, 9}B0= {0, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}C0= {0, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9}E0= UVenn DiagramsPictures are your friends! It is often easier to understand relationships if we have somethingvisual. For sets we use Venn diagrams. A Venn diagram is a drawing in which there is arectangle to represent the universe and closed figures (usually circles) inside the rectangle torepresent sets.UA1One way to use the diagram is to place the elements in the diagram. To do this, wewrite/draw those items that are in the set inside of the circle. Those items in the universethat are not in the set go outside of the circle.Example 7. With the sets U = {red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet} and A ={red, yellow, blue}, the diagram looks like4 Sets, Venn Diagrams & CountingUAred, yellow, blueindigo, violetorange, green1Notice that you can see A0as well. Everything in the universe not in A, A0={orange, indigo,violet, green}.If there are more sets, there are more circles, some pictures with more sets follow.UA BUABUA BUA BC1Set Operations. We will need to be able to do some basic operations with sets.The first operation we will consider is called the union of sets. This is the set that we getwhen we combine the elements of two sets. The union of two sets, A and B is the setcontaining all elements of both A and B; the notation for A union B is A ∪ B. So if x is anelement of A or of B or of both, then x is an element of A ∪ B.Example 8. For the sets A = {bear, camel, horse, dog , cat} and B = {lion, elephant, horse, dog},we would get A ∪ B = {bear, camel, horse, dog , cat, lion, elephant}.To see this using a Venn diagram, we would give …


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ASU MAT 142 - Sets, Venn Diagrams & Counting

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