BioSc221/325 Exam 2 Name ______________________________Multiple choice. (1 point each) Choose the one best answer to each of the following questions.____ Small protein that associates with bacterial RNA polymerase to facilitate promoter recognition and is released during transcription.A. alphaB. betaC. gammaD. sigma____ Bacterial protein involved in homologous recombination and which is required for repair of UV damage to DNA.A. helicaseB. topoisomeraseC. repairaseD. RecA____ Quinolone antibiotics target ____ which is required for restoring supercoiling of newly synthesized DNA. A. helicaseB. DNA gyraseC. DNA ligaseD. DNA polymerase____ UV light is lethal to bacterial cells due to formation of A. pyrimidine dimers which, when they are removed, can result in double stranded breaks in the DNA.B. apurinic sites which are easily broken.C. double stranded breaks resulting from direct cleavage by the UV radiation.D. creation of multiple nonsense codons that disrupt translation.____ Plasmids that have a single origin of replication but are capable of replicating in more than one genera are calledA. broad-host range plasmidsB. suicide plasmidsC. shuttle vectorsD. cosmids____ Which of the following genera does not include endospore producing bacteria?A. BacillusB. ClostridiumC. SporomusaD. Staphylococcus____ Protein involved in transcriptional termination.A. core enzymeB. stem loopC. rhoD. sigma____ Genes that are expressed at the same level at all times are said to beA. constitutiveB. inducibleC. repressibleD. activated____ Most prokaryotic promoters have a two-part consensus sequence that consists of aA. promoter and terminatorB. promoter and operatorC. activator and operatorD. –10 and –35 region____ Several genes that are transcribed in the same direction and share the same promoter are called a(n)A. operatorB. operonC. polylinkerD. polypromoter____ Genes encoding the enzymes required for utilization of maltose as a growth substrate are likely to be controlled by what type of repressor?A. inducibleB. repressibleC. constitutive____ Which of the following phenomena is probably not controlled by a quorum-sensing system?A. colonization of the lung epithelium by Pseudomonas aaeruginosaB. colonization of the light organ of a flashlight fish by light producing bacteriaC. formation of a biofilm by “slime” producing bacteriaD. chemotaxis____ In two-component regulatory systems a signal is relayed to the regulator protein byA. phosphorylationB. adenylationC. autoinducerD. a peptide____ The antibiotic to the right is a(n) A. aminoglycosideB. -lactamC. chloramphenicolD. macrolideE. tetracycline____ The antibiotic to the right is a(n) A. aminoglycosideB. -lactamC. chloramphenicolD. macrolideE. tetracycline____ Natural transformation does not requireA. membrane associated transport proteinsB. linear double stranded DNAC. holes in the membraneD. homologous recombination____ Which of the following is not a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer in natureA. conjugationB. electroporationC. transductionD. transformation____ Resistance to antibiotics that target the ribosome is often obtained by all but which of the following mechanisms?A. acetylationB. adenylationC. phosphorylationD. methylation____ Mobilizable plasmids require a self-transmissible “helper” plasmid because they lack which of the following?A. oriTB. proteins required to nick the plasmid at its oriTC. genes that encode the mating bridgeD. antibiotic resistance genesMatching. (1 point each) Match the definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column. Note, not all terms will be used.____ The energy source for the phosphotransferase system. ____ Loss of electrons by a compound.____ Plasmid with more than one origin of replication for use in organisms from two different kingdoms____ A plasmid encoded gene used to detect the presence of a plasmid in a host cell.____ Endospores contain a high concentration of ___ which probably contributes to resistance.____ Mechanism by which Streptococcus pneumoniae can acquire penicillin resistance genes.____ Mechanism for plasmid DNA replication that is unidirectional.____ Type of autoinducer found in Gram-negative bacteria.____ ’ subunits of RNA polymerase.____ Stem loop structure that forms at the end of a mRNA.____ DNA sequence at which repressors bind to turn off gene expression.____ The membrane component of a two-component regulatory system.____ Bacteriophages that can transfer random regions of the host chromosome____ Antibiotic resistance gene flanked by two insertion sequences.A. ActivatorB. Broad-host range vectorC. Calcium dipicolinateD. Core enzymeE. DiaminopimelicacidF. Generalized transducing phageG. Glucose-6-phosphateH. Homologous recombinationI. Homoserine lactoneJ. OperatorK. OxidationL. PhosphoenolpyruvateM. 3-PhosphoglycerateN. PromoterO. ReductionP. Rolling circle replicationQ. Selectable markerR. SensorS. Shuttle vectorT. Specialized transducing phageU. TelomereV. TerminatorW. TransposonShort answer. (1 point each)Deinococcus radiodurans is resistant to very high levels of radiation. What is the reason for this high level of resistance?Why are plasmids useful as cloning vectors?Give one reason why endospores are highly resistant to dessication and chemical damage.Name one signal that triggers sporulation.In class a growth curve for bacteria in laboratory medium was presented showing a lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase and death phase. Why is this unrealistic for microbes growing in nature?E. coli can use glycerol as an energy source for anaerobic respiration. Electrons fromglycerol enter the electron transport chain at the level of NADH. Either fumarate or nitrate can function as a terminal electron acceptor. Use of which of these electron acceptors will result in the most ATP production?Wollinella succinogenes can use fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor for anaerobicrespiration from glycerol (NADH is the electron donor) or it can use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor from succinate. Which of these donor/acceptor combinations will likely yield the most ATP?E. coli controls the expression of the genes necessary for the use of specific electronacceptors based on energy yield. For example, oxgyen is preferred over nitrate and nitrate is preferred over fumarate. E. coli shows no preference between fumarate andtrimethylamine oxide (TMAO). What would you predict is the approximate Eo’