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EQUINE NUTRITIONHorse Industry Feeding ProblemsFactors affecting requirementsMouthAnatomy of Digestive TractDigestive TractSlide 7Slide 8Comparisons of digestionDifferences in rates of passageWaterGI Tract HealthDigestion of FeedDigestive Categories of HorsesMaintenanceGERIATRIC HORSESTHE GERIATRIC HORSEFeeding The AthleteLevels of Performance/WorkSlide 20Energy SourcesRequired EnergyFAT SUPPLEMENTATIONSources of FatFat GuidelinesGeneral Guidelines For Feeding Working HorsesThe Growing HorsePercent of Mature Body Weight vs... Months of AgeWeanlingsSlide 30Feeding YearlingsMonitoring The Growth ProcessSlide 33Gestation: Nutritional ConcernsSlide 35Average daily milk production in maresFeed Consumption (% BW)Nutrition of the Breeding StallionBody Condition ScoreFEEDING MANAGEMENT GUIDELINESSlide 41Time & Additional Grain Required To Improve BCS by 1 levelSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46EQUINE NUTRITIONHorse Industry Feeding ProblemsAge of horses is increasingDiversity of horses increasingEconomy increases demand/value?Willingness to experimentIncrease use of supplementsMinerals/Vitamins/LubricantsFatsFactors affecting requirements Size, body type and weight AgeWork: production stageBreed: temperament Fat insulationEnvironment: climatic conditions External & internal parasitesVices Mouth•Initial breakdown of feeds•Salivary secretions from Parotid gland–Secrete saliva only during eating, ~10 gal/dayMouthAnatomy of Digestive TractEsophagus–Can’t vomit, strong cardiac sphincter muscle in stomach prevents–Digestive upset = Colic–ChokeObstruction within esophagusFast eatersStomach - small, frequent, meals; initiates digestion, like non-ruminant–10% of tract–Limited digestion–Gastric ulcers Digestive TractSmall Intestine - 30% of tractDigestion of–Starch 65-75%–Protein, AA’s 60-70%–Fat 90%–Ca absorption 95-99%–Phosphorous 20-25%Fast rate of passageNo gall bladderDigestive TractLarge Colon–Absorbs–H20–VFA’s–AA–Phosphorus, 50%–NaClSmall Colon–Absorption of H20–Fecal ball formationDigestive TractComparisons of digestion Human Ruminant EquineStomach 30% 70% 9-10%Sm. Intestine33% 19% 30%Cecum 7% 3% 16%Lg. Intestine30% 7% 45%Differences in rates of passageEquine–rush through foregut –time delay in cecum–rush through rectumRuminant–Slow recycling flow of digestaWater Essential for all body functionsTemperature regulationFeed digestionAmount of water intake–Level of exercise–Ambient temperature–Quality of feeds in ration–Proportion of diet that is forageMinimum 1 gallon/100 lbs BW/dayGI Tract HealthForageConcentrate – GrainSupplementsVolatile Fatty AcidsGlucoseFatty AcidsFatGlycogenDigestible CarbohydrateFermentable FiberStomach Small Intestine Large IntestineFatDigestion of FeedDigestive Categories of HorsesMaintenance - basic requirements of lifeGrowth - youngest has highest requirementsGestation - last three monthsLactation - first three monthsWork - depends on activity–light, moderate, intense GeriatricMaintenance Size: body weightEnvironmentIndividual digestive & metabolic efficiency Dry matter intake: 1.5% of the BW Most - energy requirements are met with forage aloneGERIATRIC HORSESFiber digestion decreasesAbility to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decreaseB vitaminsVitamin CDecreased kidney functionCalcium stones may build upDecreased liver functionJaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in dietTHE GERIATRIC HORSEConfinement? No! Turnout with a friend.Weight loss reasons: Poor dentition Reduction in digestion - parasites, microbial constituents, B VitsSelection of Feed–Highly palatable–Easy to chew & swallow–Clean & dust free–Highly digestible pellets or extruded feeds–Contain enough high quality fiber to aid digestion. High quality hay – no alfalfa.–Chopped hay, hay cubes or pelletsSoaked feeds or mashesFeeding The AthleteLevels of Performance/WorkLight - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hackingModerate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumpingIntense - race training, polo, cutting,Muscle GlycogenBlood GlucoseAnaerobic GlycolysisOxidativeMetabolismPyruvateLactateATPFree-Fatty AcidsCreatinePhosphateMyokinaseand CPKReactionsCO2and WaterLipolysisOxygenSOURCES OF ENERGY FOR THE PERFORMANCE HORSEEnergy SourcesHydrolysable CHO–Sugars & starches–Create ↓ intestinal pH &  risk of colicFermentable CHO–Beet pulp or soy hulls–↓ glycogen usageFat–3X the energy concentration of CHO–Creates higher energy feedProtein (minimal usage)Required EnergyActivity Examples DE (Mcal/d)Maintenance Pasture 16Light work Pleasure riding 20Moderate work Reining, jumping 24Intense work Racing, endurance 32FAT SUPPLEMENTATIONWhy Use It For Performance Horses?Energy from fat is 90% utilizableFat ↓ heat of fermentationFat  glycogen storage prior to raceFat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during intense exerciseFat ↓ fatigueSources of FatNatural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat“High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fatFat SupplementsVegetable Oil (most common 99% fat)Rice Bran (very palatable 20% fat)Animal tallow (not palatable)Fat GuidelinesNo gall bladder–Max ~20% in total diet–1100 lb horse can digest 17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups)If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients–(i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of added oil)Add 6-10 weeks before performance.General Guidelines For Feeding Working HorsesHay requirement–Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture &/or hay)–Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mixExercising horses do not need high levels of protein–More important – quality of proteinHorses should be fed to meet their immediate needs–I.e. cut grain on rest daysIf stalled, overfeeding can  stocking up or colicThe Growing HorseGoals–Maximize genetic potential for growth–Sound musculoskeletal system•Nutrient balance is importantNutrient balance is important•Requires higher quality feedsRequires higher quality feeds•Growth rate & age determines requirementsGrowth rate & age determines requirements•Growing till reach 30 monthsGrowing till reach 30 monthsPercent of Mature Body Weight vs... Months of AgeMonths of


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ISU ANS 216 - Equine Nutrition

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