BIOL 206: Introduction to Microbiology LabLab Exam # 1 Study Guide Weeks: 1-5You are responsible for all of the following information (although other topics may appear on your exam).You must write in complete sentences with correct spelling.Information contained in quiz questions.Week 1:Attendance and Safety Policies- 3 tardies = unexcused absense- 1 pt subtracted from final avg for each unexcused absence (including leaving early) and 1 pt deduction if lab isn’t made up- contact Lacy Basile 72 hours before an excused absence- make ups completed within 5 daysSafety Policies- wear apron or lab coat; protective eyewear (clear lenses); closed toed shoes; no shorts- biohazard container- place cultures, stocks, and other regulated waste in a biohazard bag for autoclaving before disposal (including contaminated glassware and cultures)- metal sharps container- sharps CAN’T be placed in regular trash (there are different containers for glass and metal)- wash hands after removing gloves2-1 Microbial Ecology and UbiquityApplying the terms ubiquity, pathogenic, reservoir, opportunistic pathogen, and saprophyte.- Ubiquity: organism considered to be found just about everywhere.- Pathogenic: microorganisms associated with their host or hosts- Opportunistic pathogen: capable of producing a disease state if introduced into a suitable part of the body- Saprophyte: a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on dead or decaying organic matter.Understand the ubiquitous nature of microorganisms. - Even though we can find living microorganisms virtually everywhere and confirm their presence by cultivation, molecular techniques developed over the last two or three decades demonstrate that the organisms successfully grown in the lab represent a minute fraction of those still uncultivable.Know what a microorganism must acquire from its environment in order to grow and replicate.- Suitable conditions depending on what type of environment they thrive in Understanding why morphological characterization is useful.- It is extremely useful in identifying bacteria- Colony- mass of cellsUnderstanding why microbial controls (germicides) are useful.- Kill germs/ eliminates pathogens- Microbes will grow indefinitely without itExercise 2-2:Applying The 5 Morphology Categories and the descriptive words used for each category (in bold in your lab manual).- Shape: round, irregular, or punctiform - Margin: entire (smooth), undulate (wavy), lobate (lobed), filamentous or rhizoid (branched)- Elevations: flat, raised, convex, pulvinate (very convex), and umbonate (raised in the center)- Texture: moist, mucoid, or dry.- Pigment production (color): opaque, translucent, shiny, or dull.Distinguishing morphology types if provided images found in Fig. 2-3Exercise 2-3:Applying the terms friable, filiform, and spreading edge.- Friable: crusty growth (most species in genus Mycobacterium)- Filiform: dense and opaque with a smooth edge.- Spreading edge: solid growth seeming to radiate outwardExercise 2-4:Applying the terms pellicle, sediment, uniform fine turbidity, and flocculence.- Pellicle: surface membrane from organisms floating on top of the medium.- Sediment: organisms sink to the bottom- Uniform fine turbidity: spread equally throughout the medium- Flocculence: clumps throughout the mediumPg 60:Applying the term germicide.- Germicides: Prevent spreading of pathogens (chemical or physical). Some are specific and typically include the name of the target pathogen (ex. Tuberculocide, virucide, sporocide) most are broad spectrum.Applying the three broad germicidal categories: decontamination, disinfection, and sterilization.- Decontamination: lowest level of control. Reduction of pathogenic microorganisms to a level at which items are safe to handle without protective attire. Using soaps or detergents, and removal of all or most organic and inorganic material. - Disinfection: low, medium, and high sublevels based on effectiveness against specific control pathogens or their surrogates. All kill large numbers, if not all pathogens, but typically do not kill large number of spores. Typically liquid chemical agents but can also be solid or gas. - Sterilization: complete elimination of viable organisms including spores and is the highest level of pathogen control. Exercise 2-12:Purpose of an autoclave and description of how it works.- Steam sterilization. - Use super heated steam under pressure to kill heat resistant organisms (121 C - 127 C) - Must be at optimum temperature for at least 15 minutes to kill spores and vegetative cells- Water boils at 100 C at atm pressure, but if the pressure is raised the water boils at a higher temp, resulting in steam above 127 C.How to test autoclave functionality and how to interpret results from the test.- Use special thermometer to record the max temp reached.- Specialized color-coded autoclave tape to tell when sterilization is complete. - The only way to be certain is to use a biological indicator that contains a living organism, likely bacterial spores. - Biological indicator- determines if sterilization has taken place. o Uses glass ampule of growth media, which the spores are placed outside of.o After autoclaving, the ampule is broken and if the autoclave isn’t working properly, the spores will grow. o Includes a pH sensitive dye (color change of the ampule indicates spores are alive)Week 2:Understanding why techniques to isolate single colonies are useful.- Help purify colonies for better identification. Designed so that you will end up with individual cells. Colony forming units (CFUs) should separate into isolated colonies. Understanding why aseptic techniques are useful.- Prevent cross contaminationUnderstanding why calibrating an ocular micrometer is useful.- So you can measure different organisms at different objectives accurately- helps with identification by sizeExercise 1-3:Proper loop sterilization technique.- Hold inoculating loop in flame/incinerator for 5 seconds and let cool for 20 seconds.Proper transfer technique for:From slant flame loopremove culture’s tube cap with little finger of loop handflame open end of tubehold tube at angle holding loop hand still, move tube up the wire until tip is over desired growthremove tube from wire flame tube lip and move the tube to replace cap. From broth Vortex the broth flame loop remove and hold cap with