1Introduction to LANIntroduction to LANTDC 363TDC 363Lecture 06Lecture 06Networking withNetworking with02/14/081TDC363-06Networking with Networking with UNIX/Linux Operating SystemsUNIX/Linux Operating SystemsBook: Chapter 9Book: Chapter 9Course OutlineCourse Outline History of UNIXHistory of UNIX operating systemoperating system UNIX System OverviewUNIX System Overview Basic UNIX commandsBasic UNIX commandsBasic UNIX/Linux System AdministrationBasic UNIX/Linux System Administration02/14/082TDC363-06Basic UNIX/Linux System AdministrationBasic UNIX/Linux System Administration NFS, NIF+, OpenLDAPNFS, NIF+, OpenLDAP XX--WindowsWindows SAMBASAMBABrief History of UNIXBrief History of UNIX 1965: Multics1965: Multics 1971: 1st version of UNIX on PDP1971: 1st version of UNIX on PDP--1111 1973: UNIX was rewritten in C 1973: UNIX was rewritten in C  The 1The 1ststOS in a high level language and a milestone OS in a high level language and a milestone 02/14/083TDC363-06in CSin CS 1977: UNIX ported to Interdata 8/32 1977: UNIX ported to Interdata 8/32 (another milestone)(another milestone) 1984: 100,0001984: 100,000++system installedsystem installed2History (cont.)History (cont.) UNIX System VUNIX System V Released by AT&T in 1983Released by AT&T in 1983 From Research to Commercial UseFrom Research to Commercial UseBSD (Berkeley Software Division)BSD (Berkeley Software Division)02/14/084TDC363-06BSD (Berkeley Software Division)BSD (Berkeley Software Division) Versions of UNIX from researchers at the Versions of UNIX from researchers at the University of California at BerkeleyUniversity of California at Berkeley 11ststimplementation of TCP/IPimplementation of TCP/IPUNIX in Early DaysUNIX in Early DaysSihdN kComputing CenterVAX 780 VAX 780 VAX 78002/14/085TDC363-06Switched Network(e.g., Datakit, ISDN)Speed: 1,200 to 9,600dumb terminalsProprietary UNIXProprietary UNIX An implementation of UNIX for which the An implementation of UNIX for which the source code is either unavailable or available only source code is either unavailable or available only by purchasing a licensed copy from Caldera by purchasing a licensed copy from Caldera International and Tarantella (now SCO)International and Tarantella (now SCO)02/14/086TDC363-06International and Tarantella (now SCO)International and Tarantella (now SCO) Sun’s proprietary version of UNIX is called Sun’s proprietary version of UNIX is called SolarisSolaris IBM’s proprietary version of UNIX is called IBM’s proprietary version of UNIX is called AIXAIX HP’s proprietary version of UNIX is called HP’s proprietary version of UNIX is called HPHP--UXUX3Open Source UNIXOpen Source UNIX Open source softwareOpen source software Software made available to anyone without Software made available to anyone without licensing feeslicensing feesFldiibdfFldiibdf02/14/087TDC363-06Freely distributed softwareFreely distributed software GNUGNU FreeBSDFreeBSD LinuxLinuxLinuxLinux Cover Story of Business Week (March 3, 2003)Cover Story of Business Week (March 3, 2003) Linus Torvalds (now 33) Linus Torvalds (now 33) inventedinvented Linux as a Linux as a simplifiedsimplifiedversion of Unix for the PC in 1991.version of Unix for the PC in 1991. Microsoft: “Microsoft: “the No. 1 competitor for this companythe No. 1 competitor for this company””02/14/088TDC363-06 E*Trade Group Inc. (ET ) replaced 60 SparcE*Trade Group Inc. (ET ) replaced 60 Sparc--based based computers ($250K each) with 80 Intelcomputers ($250K each) with 80 Intel--based Linux based Linux machines costing just $4,000 a pop.machines costing just $4,000 a pop. Linux Market share (on severs)Linux Market share (on severs) 0% three years ago0% three years ago 13.7% in 2003 (for the market of $50.9B), Microsoft: 59.9%13.7% in 2003 (for the market of $50.9B), Microsoft: 59.9% 25.2% in 2006 (estimate)25.2% in 2006 (estimate)Common Linux FeaturesCommon Linux Features Support multiple, simultaneously logged in usersSupport multiple, simultaneously logged in users Hierarchical file systems that incorporate Hierarchical file systems that incorporate demountable volumesdemountable volumesConsistent interfaces for input and output of dataConsistent interfaces for input and output of data02/14/089TDC363-06Consistent interfaces for input and output of data Consistent interfaces for input and output of data to and from hardware devices, files, and running to and from hardware devices, files, and running programsprograms The ability to start processes in the backgroundThe ability to start processes in the background4Common Linux Features (cont.)Common Linux Features (cont.) Hundreds of FREE software modulesHundreds of FREE software modules Multiple programming languages supportMultiple programming languages support02/14/0810TDC363-06 Source code portabilitySource code portability XX--Windows interfacesWindows interfaces Security FeaturesSecurity Features Orange Book (Proprietary UNIX)Orange Book (Proprietary UNIX)Linux Operating SystemLinux Operating System TimeTime--sharingsharing Multiple users login and share the CPU resource Multiple users login and share the CPU resource simultaneouslysimultaneously RealReal--timetime02/14/0811TDC363-06 ImmediateImmediate response to user requestsresponse to user requests Supports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)Supports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) Support the use of both physical and virtual Support the use of both physical and virtual memory efficientlymemory efficientlyUNIX/Linux ArchitectureUNIX/Linux ArchitectureKernel (system, I/O)Shell (commands)Applications02/14/0812TDC363-06Hardware5Linux KernelLinux Kernel KernelKernel Core of the operating systemCore of the operating system The term is to distinguish itself from user The term is to distinguish itself from user programs.programs.02/14/0813TDC363-06 Interfacing with the hardware via driversInterfacing with the hardware via drivers Flexibility in adding or removing functionality by Flexibility in adding or removing functionality by loading and unloading Linux loading and unloading Linux kernel moduleskernel modules Analogous to