401 EXAM ONETerms1) 4 types of historical evidencea) physical remainsb) visual imagesc) writingsd) music itself2) Sumerian Instrumentsa) aulos (pipe played with reed, God Dionysus of fertility)b) lyre (7 strings strummed, recreation, dance/sing, weddings etc, God Apollo, of light/prophecy/learning )c) kithara (large lyre, used for sacred ceremonies)3) ethos… one’s ethical character4) tetrachord … 4 notes in the range of a perfect 4tha) genus/genera: diatonic(1, 1 , .5), chromatic(1.5, .5 ,.5), enharmonic (2, .25, .25) .. (intervals)5) liturgy… body of texts and ritual actions assigned to each service6) Gregorian chant… repertory of ecclesiastical chant used in Roman Catholic Church7) Neumes… sign used in notation of chant8) 3 types of musica) Musica mundaneb) musica humana c) musica instrumentalis9) The 8 church modesa) Final… last note of chantb) Reciting tone… ?????c) Range… in relation to finali) Authentic(odd)… final- octave aboveii) Plagal (even)… 4th below to 5th above final10)Solmization… method of assigning syllables to steps in a scale, used to make it easier to identify and sing the whole tones and semitones in a melody11)Massa) Proper of the massi) Introit… Reciting tone, antiphon, one verseii) Gradual… melismatic, no doxology, one verse, ind melodyiii) Alleluia /Tract… melismatic, one verse, ind melody, textiv) Offertory… no verse, melismaticv) Communion… neumatic antiphonb) Ordinary of the massi) Kyrieii) Gloriaiii) Credoiv) Sanctusv) Agnus Deivi) Ite missa est12)Office… series of 8 prayer services of the Roman church, celebrated daily at specified times, especially in monasteries and convents13)Performancea) Antiphonal… 2 groups alternateb) Responsorial… soloists and groups c) Direct… no alteration14)Chanta) Syllabic… one note per syllableb) Neumatic… 1-7 note per syllablec) Melismatic…melodic passage to a single syllable15)Lesser Doxology… used in psalms, introits, etc16)Antiphon… in MASS, chant associated with antiphonal psalmody; communion and beg and end of introit17)Respond… first part of responsorial chant, appearing before and sometimes repeated after PSALM verse18)Trope… addition to existing chant, consisting of 1) words and melody, 2) a melisma, 3) words only19)Sequence… category of latin chant that follows Alleluia in some MASSes20)Liturgical drama… dialogue on a sacred subject, set to music and usually performed with action, and linked to theLITURGY21)Troubadour… S France, monophonic songs, Occitan, fin’ amors22)Trobaritz… a female troubadour23)Trouvere… N France, monophonic songs, Old French24)Fin’ amors/Fine amours… courtly love, idealized love for an unattainable woman who is admired from distance25)Minnesinger… poet-composer of medieval Germany who wrote monophonic songs about love in Middle High German… minnelieds26)Bar form: Stollen, Abgesang27)Cantiga… medival monophonic song in Spanish or Portuguese28)Vielle… Medieval bowed string instrument, early form of fiddle, predecessor of violin and viola29)Hurdy-gurdy… instrument with melody and drone strings, bowed by rotating wheel turned with a crank, with levers worked by a keyboard to change pitch on melody strings30)Psaltery… plucked string instrument whose strings are attached to a frame over a wooden sounding board31)Shawm… double reed instrument, similar to oboe, used in medieval32)Estampie… Medieval instrument DANCE that features of sections, each played twice with two different endings, OUVERT and CLOS, fast triple meter33)Open and closed cadences34)Parallel organum… organum 5th below principal voice35)Principal voice, organal voice36)Mixed parallel and oblique organum… organum voice muststay stationary until it can move in perfect 4ths37)Free organum/note-against-note organuma) 11th centuryb) organum above chantc) described in Ad organum faciendum (how to construct organum, ca 1100)d) contrary, parallel, obliquee) converge in unisons/8ves at cadencesf) uses perfect consonances38)Aquintanian polyphonya) Florid upper voiceb) Chant sustained in lower voice (tenor)c) 2 main repositories of manuscriptsi) St. Martial in Limoges (S. France)ii) Santiago de Compostela (Nw. Spain)39)Discant style (1-3 notes against 1 note), organum style (tenor with florid organum)40)Tenor (in florid organum, discant, and motet)41)Notre Dame polyphony42)rhythmic modes… 6 types, based on 3 beats43)clausula, substitute clausula44)organum duplum, organum triplum, organum quadruplum45)duplum, triplum, quadruplum46)voice exchange47)polyphonic conductus48)motetPEOPLE1. Enheduanna (2311 BCE)a. Priestess who wrote hymns2. Platoa. Music is unnecessary for men of worth, can excite our passion, which is negative.3. Aristotlea. Music useful in education and ritual, entertainment and relaxation. Children learn performance when young so they can enjoy and judge later. Professional training XXX because that gives pleasures to others.4. Euripides5. Boethius6. De instituitione musica7. Charlemagne8. Musica enchiriadis (850-900)a. Music Manualb. Scolica enchiriadis, commentary on manual9. Guido of Arezzoa. Colored ink lines for notation10. Hildegard of Bingen11. Belnart de Ventadorn12. Comtessa de Dia13. Adam de la Hallea. One of last and most famous of trouveresb. One of the few medival composers to compose both mono and polyphonic14. Walther con der Vogelweidea. Most famous of minnesingers, traveling singer?15. Cantigas de Santa Mariaa. Collection of over 400 songs in honor of the Virgin Mary16. Ad organum facienduma. Anon treatise 1100b. Describes how to sing or compose organum17. Leoninus (1135-1201)a. “Optimus organist” (best composer of organum)b. Compiled Magnus liber organi18. Magnus liber organia. Cycle of 2 part organa for solo portions of responsorial chants for Mass and Office for the major feasts of entire church year19. Perotinus (late 12th- early 13th)a. “optimus discantor” (best comp of discant)b. modified Magnus liber organi, composing new subsections called clausulaec. wrote organa for 3 & 4 voices, monophonic and polyphonic conductus20. Franco of Colognea. Created 4 note shapes21. Ars cantus mensurabilisa. 1280 treatise by