Chapter 4Slide 2Invisible HandPrice MechanismCompetitionEquity & EfficiencyEquity ≠ EfficiencyEconomic Role of GovernmentSlide 9Market FailureExternalitiesCurbing Air and Water PollutionSlide 13Public Goods and ServicesSlide 15CapitalThe “Isms”Last Word: The Mixed EconomyChapter 4The Mixed EconomyInvisible HandPrice MechanismCompetitionThey all go together . . . You cannot have one without the others•Adam Smith coined this term•The invisible hand is a kind of economic guidance system that makes everything work out•The invisible hand is made possible by people pursuing their own self-interest•The bottom line is the “profit motive”Invisible Hand•The price mechanism is based on the law of supply and demand•Prices send signals to both consumers and producersPrice Mechanism•To have real competition, you need many firms in a particular industry–You need so many that no one firm is large enough to have any influence over price•When sectors of American industry are not very competitive the price system doesn’t work well–The invisible hand becomes less active and more ineffective–The forces of supply and demand are distorted CompetitionEquity & Efficiency•Does this system allocate limited resources efficiently?–Most economists agree that this system leads to a very efficient allocation of resourcesEquity ≠ Efficiency•Does this system lead to a fair distribution of income?–No•The case for equity–Tax away money from the rich and middle class and redistribute it to the needy•This raises the questions–How much do we tax and who do we tax?–Will “handouts” lessen incentives to work?•Federal government–Fifty state governments•Tens of thousands of local governments•Each–Collects taxes–Provides services–Make laws and regulations•This somewhat alters the outcome of the three questions–What? How? and For Whom?Economic Role of Government•The Government Should–Provide the infrastructure for a market to function efficiently–Ensure that competition flourishes–See that information flows freely–Protect property rights–Minimize unpleasant side effects such as pollution•The size of government depends largely on how well private enterprise does the job of efficiently allocating resourcesEconomic Role of GovernmentMarket Failure•When our resources are not allocated efficiently, we have market failure•Three basic classes of market failure are–Externalities–Environmental pollution/Externalities–Public goods•All provide an opportunity for government to improve on Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”•Another cause of market failure is “monopolies”Externalities•External cost–This is where the production or consumption of some good or service inflict cost on a third party without compensation•When you drive your car you cause a certain amount of pollution and congestion•Millions of drivers wear out the highways•Air and water pollution caused by industrial and business activities•The government can discourage these activities by taxing you or by imposing stringent regulationsCurbing Air and Water Pollution•Air and water pollution are perhaps the two greatest external costs of industrial economies•Government attempts to control this by:–Command-and-control regulations–Incentive-based regulationsExternalities•External Benefits–An external benefit occurs when some of the benefits derived from the production or consumption of some good or service are enjoyed by a third party. Government can try to encourage these activities•It is not uncommon for these additional socially beneficial things to be an unintended consequence•If you paint your house (government can give you a grant)•Operating a family farm (government can provide you with a subsidy to encourage you to continue to farm)Public Goods and Services•The private market –Is governed solely by the forces of supply and demand–It does not take into account external costs and external benefits•Market failure occurs when resources are not used efficiently•When a market failure imposes a high cost on society–We demand that the government do something about itPublic Goods and Services•Public goods and services are:–NonexcludablNonexcludablee: once it exists, everyone can freely benefit from it–Non-rivalrousNon-rivalrous: one person’s benefiting does not reduce the amount of it available for others •Some examples are national defense, a court system, police and fire protection, the construction and maintenance of streets and highways, bridges, water and sewer mains, environmental protection, public parks, public schools, and public librariesCapital•Capital is the CRUCIALCRUCIAL element in every economic system•Capital consist of plant & equipment•Capital is the key to every country’s standard of living•Capital comes from:–Cutting consumption (by saving)•Americans are now consuming too much and saving too little–Increasing productionThe “Isms”•Socialism–You have two cows. State takes one and gives it to someone else•Communism–You have two cows. State takes both of them and gives you milk•Fascism–You have two cows. State takes both of them and sells you milk•Capitalism–You have two cows. You sell one and buy a bullLast Word: The Mixed EconomyCommunism Socialism Capitalism Fascism The United States is a mixed economyEvery nation in the world has a mixed