The American Civil War, 1861-1865Union CSA Total population 22,000,000 (71%) 9,000,000 (29%) Free population 22,000,000 5,500,000 1860 Border state slaves 432,586 NA 1860 Southern slaves NA 3,500,000 Soldiers 2,200,000 (67%) 1,064,000 (33%) Railroad miles 21,788 (71%) 8,838 (29%) Manufactured items 90% 10% Firearm production 97% 3% Bales of cotton in 1860 Negligible 4,500,000 Bales of cotton in 1864 Negligible 300,000 Pre-war U.S. exports 30% 70% Comparison of Union and CSAUnion Strengths  Manufacturing and population advantages  Centralized government institutions and traditions  Loyal opposition (Democrats)  Existing Army and Navy  Investment capital and stable food supply  Significant internal development (communication, transport)Union Weaknesses  Long supply lines  Occupation of hostile populations  Early indecisiveness of commandersConfederate Strengths  Defense of home soil  Military leadershipConfederate Disadvantages  Lack of manufactured goods  Blockaded coast and price inflation  Lack of food and investment capital  No diplomatic recognition  No developed governmental traditions (political infighting)  Fear of slave rebellions  Small free population  Lack of sizeable NavyUnion War Strategies  Anaconda Plan  Take Mississippi River to split the Confederacy  Blockade southern coast  Take Richmond  Multiple front war  Burning campaigns (late war)Confederate Strategies  Defensive perimeter, shift reserves to different fronts  Wear down Northern fighting spirit  Strike North to relieve pressure on Richmond  Encourage peace movement in North  Gain diplomatic recognition of France and/or England (cotton diplomacy)Modern War  The rifled bullet, repeating rifle (Winchester)  Tactics do not keep pace with technology1861  Union defeat at Bull Run (July 1861)  McClellan takes command, drills troops through the fall1862  Union capture of New Orleans in April (Farragut)  The Peninsular Campaign (April-July)  Pope defeated at Second Bull Run (August)  Robert E. Lee takes command, invades North  Battle of Antietam (24,000 casualties) forces Lee’s retreat  Burnside and Fredericksburg defeat (Nov-Dec)  Union forces advance in the West (control Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, Memphis)The Emancipation Proclamation and its Effects  Delivered after Antietam (September 22, 1862)  Frees slaves in rebelling states in 1863  War becomes one of abolitionism as well as Union preservation  Appeals to international liberals to prevent foreign intervention  Creates more opposition to war in the north (draft riots)  Increases enlistment of Black soldiers (10% of Union army by 1865)1863  Joseph Hooker defeated at Chancellorsville (May 1-5)  Lee strikes north, Armies meet at Gettysburg (July 1-3)  Pickett’s Charge repulsed(1,123 killed, 4,019 wounded, 3,750 captured of 12K soldiers)  Total Gettysburg casualties • 23,001 Union killed, missing, or wounded • 20,448 Confederate killed, missing, or wounded  Vicksburg falls in July after prolonged siege (Mississippi River effectively controlled by Union forces under U.S. Grant)1864  U.S. Grant moved east to command Union forces  William Tecumseh Sherman commands in Tennessee  Methodical war of attrition  Sheridan’s burning campaigns  Battles of the Wilderness (May 5-7) and Cold Harbor (June 1-3)  Bypassing Richmond and the siege of Petersburg (June 15 to March 25, 1865)The War in the Deep South  Atlanta falls to Sherman (September 2)  Sherman’s March to the Sea (Atlanta to Savannah)The Election of 1864  Fall of Atlanta aids Lincoln at the polls  Lincoln creates Union Party (Republicans and War Democrats)  Andrew Johnson as Union Party Vice President  McClellan runs as peace Democrat (Copperheads)  Soldiers vote in the fieldsWar Opposition in the North  Immigrants fear Black emancipation  Civil War draft riots (July 1863)  States rights ideology  Profiteering the hiring of substitutes  Copperhead leader Clement Vallandigham exiled (February 1864)1865  Petersburg and Richmond fall (March- April)  Lee surrenders at Appomattox (April 9)  Lincoln assassinated (April 14)  Johnston surrenders Confederate Army in North Carolina (April 18)War Costs  Southern social and economic devastation  One in five mobilized are killed (620,000 men)Civil War Effects  Slavery abolished in 1865 (13th Amendment)  Union indivisible, not a collection of sovereign states  Racial questions in the South remain unresolved through the 1960s  Enhances industrialization in the NorthMain Issues of the Post Civil War Era  How to re-admit states into the Union?  Should ex-confederates be punished or treated leniently?  How to create a new southern society incorporating freedmen into its culture?The Civil War and the American South  War devastation (Sherman’s March, siege warfare)  Lack of towns and industry  Illiteracy  Lack of capital  Crop monocultures  War pensions  Redeemers and enduring racismReconstruction (1865-1877)  Lincoln plan (leniency toward southerners)  Congressional plans (occupation and reordering society)The Civil War Amendments  Abolition of slavery  Due process of law  Voting rights for freedmenThe Election of 1876  Rutherford Hayes and Samuel Tilden  Withdrawal of Union troops from the South  Symbolic end of