1UNIT 1Chapter 1 – Microbiology:Then and Now- Leeuwenhoek observes living bacteria andother microbes (ANIMALCULES).- Experimentation puts an end to the idea ofspontaneous generation.- Semmelweis and Snow pioneerinvestigations into the source, cause, andtransmission of disease (EPIDEMIOLOGY).- Jenner demonstrates that VACCINATION cangenerate disease resistance.- Pasteur proposes the GERM THEORY; Kochproves the theory through his postulates.- Two types of cellular organization(PROKARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC) areestablished.- Today, antibiotic resistance, emerginginfectious diseases, bioterrorism, and climatechange are challenges facing microbiology.Chapter 3 – Concepts and Tools forStudying Microorganisms- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells shareseveral organizational patterns (genetic,compartmental, and metabolic) and haveseveral structural distinctions (organelles).- Microorganisms have been classified byshared characteristics and have a BINOMIALname.- Today, all organisms are assigned to one ofthree DOMAINS, which are primarily based onphysical, biochemical, serological, andespecially nucleotide sequencing.- Microbes and viruses are very small and aremeasured in MICROMETERS andNANOMETERS, respectively.- The LIGHT (COMPOUND) MICROSCOPEmagnifies and resolves specimens usingvisible light; staining specimens or otheroptical configurations provide CONTRAST.- The ELECTRON MICROSCOPE provides detailedimages of cell structure using thetransmission or scanning electronmicroscope.Chapter 4 – Cell Structure andFunction in theBacteria and Archaea- The DOMAIN BACTERIA contains manycommon but diverse groups of bacterialspecies; the DOMAIN ARCHAEA has some ofthe most unusual organisms(EXTREMOPHILES) in terms of growthenvironments.- Bacterial and archaeal species vary in cellshape and cell arrangements; most exhibit arod, spherical, or spiral shape.- Bacterial and archaeal species contain avariety of cell structures.- PILI are proteins fibers allowing cells toattach to surfaces.- FLAGELLA are protein appendages used formotility.- The GLYCOCALYX (CAPSULE or SLIME LAYER) isa carbohydrate-rich layer to preventdesiccation, allow attachment, or evadeimmune system defenses.- The CELL ENVELOPE consists of the CELL WALL,which maintains cell shape and prevents cellrupture; and the CELL MEMBRANE, a typicalphospholipid bilayer that separateenvironment from cell interior and regulatestransport of materials into or out of the cell.- The NUCLEOID is a subcompartment in theCYTOPLASM that contains the geneticinformation in the form of a circularBACTERIAL CHROMOSOME.- PLASMIDS are small cytoplasmic loops ofDNA that carry nonessential geneticinformation.- The cytoplasm also contains RIBOSOMES forprotein synthesis and INCLUSIONS that storenutrients.Unit 1 ExamSTUDY OUTLINE CHART–BIOLOGY 2052Chapter 5 – Microbial Growthand Nutrition- Most bacterial and archaeal cells reproduceasexually by BINARY FISSION; the actualGENERATION (doubling) TIME depends onphysical and chemical factors in theenvironment.- A BACTERIAL GROWTH CURVE goes throughfour phases (LAG, LOG, STATIONARY, andDECLINE).- A few bacterial species can produceENDOSPORES in response to nutrientlimitation.- Physical factors controlling cell growthinclude temperature, oxygen, pH, andosmotic pressure.- Chemical factors are based on the nutrientsfound in culture media (solid agar andnutrient broth), which can consist of aCOMPLEX MEDIUM or SYNTHETIC MEDIUM.- SELECTIVE, DIFFERENTIAL, and ENRICHEDMEDIA can be used, respectively, to select foror differentiate between species, or to growfastidious microbes.- Some 99% of all microbes cannot be grownin a known culture medium; they representVIABLE BUT NOT CULTURED (VBNC) species.- Population growth can be measured directly(DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT, MOST PROBABLENUMBER, STANDARD PLATE COUNT) orindirectly (TURBIDITY).Chapter 6 – Metabolism ofMicroorganisms- METABOLISM consists of two biochemicalprocesses (ANABOLISM and CATABOLISM),many of which require or release energy(ENDERGONIC and EXERGONIC).- ENZYMES are protein catalysts that speed upchemical reactions by interacting with aSUBSTRATE.- The ACTIVE SITE of an enzyme forms anENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX that weakens orstretches chemical bonds, weakening thesubstrate(s).- METABOLIC PATHWAYS often are regulated byenzyme function.- Microbes demonstrate four metabolicpatterns (AUTOTROPHY and HETEROTROPHY)depending on the energy source (light orchemical) and carbon source (CO2or organiccompounds) required.- Energy coupling through ATP is used todrive endergonic reactions. In microbes,CELLULAR RESPIRATION produces ATP throughan AEROBIC (+O2) or ANAEROBIC (−O2)process.- Cellular respiration has three stages;GLYCOLYSIS splits glucose into pyruvate,netting two ATPs; CITRIC ACID CYCLEproduces two additional ATPs; andOXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION in theprokaryotic cell membrane generates anadditional 34 ATPs from the electronsdonated from glycolysis and the citric acidcycle pathways.- Many microbes employ ANAEROBICRESPIRATION, which uses the same stages asaerobic respiration, except an inorganic finalelectron acceptor other than O2is used anda different final end product than water isformed.- Some microbes can carry out FERMENTATIONif no inorganic final end product is present.The process allows glycolysis to continue toproduce two ATPs per glucose consumed.- Microbial fermentation pathways varydepending on the enzyme system theypossess.Chapter 7 – Control ofMicroorganisms: Physical andChemical Methods- STERILIZATION and SANITIZATION areimportant to eliminating or controllingmicrobial growth.- Heat (dry or moist) is a common physicalmethod applied to the control ofmicroorganisms.- ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT and other types ofradiations can control microbial growth orsterilize materials.- DISINFECTION and ANTISEPSIS are critical tothe control of microbes in the home, hospital,and environment.- A large variety of chemical agents can act asANTISEPTICS or DISINFECTANTS, includingHALOGENS, PHENOLS, HEAVY METALS,ALCOHOLS, QUATS, and STERILIZING GASES.- The effectiveness of chemical agents can becompared through calculating their PHENOLCOEFFICIENTS.Unit 2 Exam3UNIT 2Chapter 8 – The Genetics ofMicroorganisms- Bacterial and archaeal chromosomes arelocated within the NUCLEOID where the DNAis SUPERCOILED.- Circular PLASMIDS may be present in thecytoplasm where they replicateindependently of the chromosome.- DNA REPLICATION in bacterial cells isbidirectional and is a semiconservativeprocess.-