CH395G Fall 2009Figure 12-1 Structural formulas of some C18fatty acids.Page 383Numbering is from carboxyl endTable 12-1 (top) The Common Biological Fatty Acids.Page 383Table 12-1 (bottom) The Common Biological Fatty Acids.Page 383Typical TriacylglycerolMore TriacylglycerolsFigure 12-2 Scanning electron micrograph of adipocytes.Page 384WAXESMembrane Lipid Components• A variety of lipids• Many different proteins•Glycosylation on outside•Glycosylation on outside• Attachment moleculesFigure 12-3 Molecular formula of glycerophospholipids.Page 385Table 12-2 The Common Classes of Glycerophospholipids.Page 385Figure 12-4a The glycerophospholipid 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine. (a) Molecular formula in Fischer projection.Page 386Figure 12-4b The glycerophospholipid 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine. (b) space-filling model with H white, C gray, O red, and P green.Page 386Figure 12-5 Molecular formulas of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine.Page 387Figure 12-6a A sphingomyelin. (a) Molecular formula in Fischer projection.Page 387Figure 12-6b A sphingomyelin. (b) space-filling model with H white, C gray, N blue, and O red.Page 387Figure 12-7a Ganglioside GM1. (a) Structural formula with its sphingosine residue in Fischer projection.Page 388Figure 12-7b Ganglioside GM1. (b) space-filling model with H white, C gray, N blue, and O red.Page 388Figure 12-8Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene, the parent compound of steroids.Page 388Figure 12-9a Cholesterol. (a) Structural formula with the standard numbering system.Page 389Figure 12-9b Cholesterol. (b) Space-filling model with H white, C gray, and O red.Page 389Some SterolsFigure 12-10 An oil monolayer at the air–water interface.Page 390Figure 12-11 Aggregates of single-tailed lipids.Page 390Figure 12-12 Bilayer formation by phospholipids.Page 391Figure 12-13a Lipid bilayers. (a) An electron micrograph of a multilamellar phospholipid vesicle in which each layer is a lipid bilayer.Page 391Figure 12-13b Lipid bilayers. (b) An electron micrograph of a liposome.Page 391Figure 12-14 Phospholipid diffusion in a lipid bilayer.Page 392Figure 12-15ab The fluorescence photobleaching recovery technique. (a) An intense laser light pulse bleaches the fluorescent markers. (b) The fluorescence of the bleached area.Page 392Figure 12-15c The fluorescence photobleaching recovery technique. (c) The fluorescence recovery rate depends on the diffusion rate of the labeled molecule.Page 392Figure 12-16Snapshot of a molecular dynamics simulation of a lipid bilayer consisting of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine surrounded by water.Page 393Figure 12-17 Structure of a lipid bilayer composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine as the temperature is lowered below bilayer’s transition temperature.Page 393Table 12-3 Lipid Compositions of Some Biological MembranesaPage 394Table 12-4 Compositions of Some Biological Membranes.Page 395Figure 12-18 Model of an integral membrane protein.Page 395Figure 12-19 A selection of the detergents used in biochemical manipulations.Page 395Figure 12-20 Schematic diagram of a plasma membrane.Page 396Figure 12-21 The amino acid sequence and membrane location of human erythrocyte glycophorin A.Page 397Figure 12-22A plot, for glycophorin A, of the calculated free energy change in transferring 20-residue-long a helical segments.Page 397Figure 12-23Liver cytochrome b5in association with a membrane.Page 398Figure 12-25a Structure of bacteriorhodopsin. (a) The electron crystallography–based structure.Page 399Read section on membrane proteins eg bacteriorhodopsin etcetcLipid Linked ProteinsFigure 12-29Prenylated proteins. (a) A farnesylated protein and (b) a geranylgeranylated protein.Page 403Figure 12-30 Core structure of the GPI anchors of proteins.Page 404Figure 12-39 The erythrocyte glycocalyx as revealed by electron microscopy using special staining techniques.Page 411Figure 12-31 Sendai virus–induced fusion of a mouse cell with a human cell and the subsequent intermingling of their cell-surface components.Fluid Mosaic Structure of MembranesPage 405Figure 12-32 The freeze-fracture technique.Page 405Figure 12-33 The freeze-etch procedure.Page 405Figure 12-34 Freeze-etch electron micrograph of a human erythrocyte plasma membrane.Page 406Figure 12-35 Asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane.Page 406Figure 12-36SDS–PAGE electrophoretogram of human erythrocyte membrane proteins as stained by Coomassie brilliant blue. Page 407Figure 12-37d The human erythrocyte cytoskeleton.(d) Model of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton.Page 409Table 12-5 Structures of the A, B, and H Antigenic Determinants in Erythrocytes.Page 411Figure 12-40 Model of a gap junction.Page 412Figure 12-42a X-Ray structure of a-hemolysin. (a) Viewed along the heptameric transmembrane pore’s 7-fold axis.Page 413Figure 12-42b X-Ray structure of a-hemolysin. (b) Viewed perpendicular to the heptameric transmembrane pore’s 7-fold axis.Page 413Figure 12-43 Reaction of TNBS with PE.Page 414Figure 12-44 Location of lipid synthesis in a bacterial membrane.Page 415Figure 12-45 The ribosomal synthesis, membrane insertion, and initial glycosylation of an integral protein via the secretory pathway.Page 416Figure 12-46 N-Terminal sequences of some eukaryotic secretory preproteins.Page 417Figure 12-51 Posttranslational processing of proteins.Page 423Figure 12-53 The fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane preserves the orientation of the integral proteins embedded in the vesicle bilayer.Page 424Figure 12-61b Transmission of nerve impulses across a synaptic cleft. (b) Released neurotransmitter rapidly diffuses to the postsynaptic membrane.Page 431Figure 12-68 Schematic diagram of the mitochondrial protein import machinery.Page 436Table 12-6 Characteristics of the Major Classes of Lipoproteins in Human Plasma.Page 439Table 12-7 Properties of the Major Species of Human Apolipoproteins.Page 440Figure 12-71 LDL, the major cholesterol carrier of the bloodstream.Page 440Figure 12-72 A helical wheel projection of the amphipathic a helix constituting residues 148 to 164 of apolipoprotein A-I.Page 441Figure 12-74 Model for plasma triacylglycerol and cholesterol transport in humans.Page 442Figure 12-78b Electron micrographs showing the endocytosis of LDL by cultured human fibroblasts. (b) The coated pit invaginates and pinches off from the cell membrane.Page 444Figure 12-79 Sequence of events in the receptor-mediated