BIOM 121 1nd EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 12Lecture 1 (January 13)What is Biology? The scientific study of life. What is life? The condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic and dead objects, living things must be able to growth, metabolism and adaptation (response to stimuli) *virus is not living because it can’t metabolizeLecture 2 (January 15) What is science? A way of knowing, limited to observations and measurements, natural not supernatural, new facts take precedence, influences society positively and negativelyDescribe scientific hypotheses. An educated guess that must be testable and falsifiableWhat do you do once you have a hypothesis? Devise a testable predictionWhat do you do once you have a prediction? Conduct a critical experiment What are two main scientific approaches to testing predictions, define. - Descriptive: describes somethingo Inductive reasoning: reasoning from detailed facts to general principals- Experimental: allows one to make inferences about relationships among variableso Deductive reasoning: reasoning from the general to the detailedWhat happens after you test your prediction? Draw conclusions and make revisions- What happens if your data supports your hypothesiso Then it has the potential to become a theory- What happens if your data reject your hypothesis?o The your hypothesis could just be wrong or it could become null (the opposite)- Can you ever prove a hypothesis to be correct?o No, it can only be supportedDefine a Theory and give an example. A broad-ranging explanation for some aspect of the physical universe, ex. Einstein’s theory of realityDefine different types of variables.-Dependent Variable: the response variable you are measuringo Another name, response variable-Independent Variable: predictor variable you hypothesize is responsible for the variation in the response variableo Another name, predictor variableDescribe controls in an experiment. Isn’t exposed to the variable but is treated the same as the experimental groupLecture 3 (January 17)What role does random assignment have in experiments? It eliminates background differencesDefine and give an example of replication.- The repetition of an experiment to confirm findings or to ensure accuracy- Ex. Having multiple subjects in an experimentDefine sample size. Number of subjects in an experimental group and control group- What does sample size describe? The amount of replication- When will the results of an experiment usually be more reliable? When the sample size islarge- What was the sample size in our example experiment? 100Why use statistics? To describe dataCan statistics tell us if an experiment is valid? NoDefine and give an example of correlation. A relationship between two variables. Ex. Stress and colds, people with higher stress levels get more colds.- Does a correlation between two factors mean that one of the factors causes the other factor? Why or why not?o No, a correlation cannot prove causation only a relationship After a scientist completes an experiment, how does he/she communicate the results to other scientists? Submits it to a journal- What does a journal do with a paper it receives? Sends it to other scientists for review- After peer review, what happens to a paper? It is either given back for review, published by the journal, or rejected due to inaccuracies, etc.- What is peer review? A paper is reviewed by other scientists in the same field- What are primary sources? Articles written by researchers themselves who have gone through peer review- What are secondary sources? People who summarize or reference primary sourcesWhat is pseudoscience? When people make scientific claim that are not backed up with scientific evidenceWhat is anecdotal evidence? Claiming non factual info based on the experience of a few people,or stories that seem to contradict factual infoLecture 4 (January 24)Give an example experiment and describe the different stages.-Observationo Babies fed formula appear to et sick more often than breastfed babies-Hypothesiso Babies fed formula will require more sick visits to the doctor than breastfed babies from birth to 1 year in age-Experimento Get 100 healthy, full-term babies as volunteers; assign 50 babies to be breastfed and 50 to be fed formula. We count the number of sick visits to the doctor from birth to 1 year in age-What is the sample size in the experiment?o 100-What was the control group in the example experiment?o Breastfed babies-What was the experimental group in the example experiment?o Formula fed babies-What is the dependent variable in this example?o Number of doctor visits in a year-On which graph axis does the dependent variable usually go?o Y axis-What is the independent variable in this example?o Whether the babies were formula fed or breastfed- On which graph axis does the independent variable usually go?o X axis- Conclusiono Formula fed babies require more sick visits to the doctor in ther first yearWhy use statistics? They describe data, tell us the probability that our experimental and control group differ by chance alone, and summarize large amounts of dataCan statistics tell us if an experiment is valid? NoDoes correlation between two factors mean that one of the factors causes the other factor? Why or why not? No, correlation does not prove cause and effectLecture 5 (January 27)Describe cells. The basic units of organisms, smallest entity that exhibits the characteristics of lifeHow many cells are in an organism? MillionsWhat is cell theory? Says all living things are composed of cellsWhat are two major categories of cells?- Prokaryotic cellso What kinds of organisms have prokaryotic cellsBacteria-Eukaryotic cellso What kinds of organisms have prokaryotic cellsAlgae, fungi, plants, animalsDescribe the 3 main sections of eukaryotic cells. Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasmWhat does it mean that cell membranes are selectively permeable? Certain things can pass through like water and other things cannotWhat are cell organelles? Have specific functions, enclosed by membranes most are found in plant and animal cellsWhat organelles appear in animal cells but not plant cells? Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella, ciliaWhat organelles appear in plant cells, but not animal cells? Chloroplast, central vacuoleWhat is in the nucleus? DNADescribe DNA. A type of molecule in nucleus that provides directions for building proteinsWhat